2023考研英語閱讀企業使命
Companies and emissions
企業使命
Carbon copy
復寫本
Some firms are preparing for a carbon pricethatwould make a big difference
一些公司準備使用碳價 這將帶來極大的轉變
THE marketsfor CO2 have had about as good a year as Obamacare.
對二氧化碳的市場管理就如同奧巴馬醫改一樣，實施已有一年了。
Europe semissions-trading system, the world s largest carbon market, collapsed inApril.
歐洲碳排放交易系統作為全球最大的碳市場在今年四月崩潰。
Australia snew government is killing off that country s fledgling market.
澳大利亞的新任政府正在遏止該國羽翼未豐的市場。
Yet companiesare blithe.
然而公司的經理人是很高興的。
Internal carbon prices, the price of atonne of CO2 used for planning purposes within firms, are becoming an increasingly commonbusiness tool.Perhaps firms know something that markets and politicians do not.
內部碳價作為用于公司內部計劃目的的每噸二氧化碳的價格，正逐步成為一個常用的商業工具。或許企業的管理者知道與此相關的事物，而這卻不在市場及政治家考慮的范圍之內。
A study byCDP, a research group, asked large firms based or operating in America whattoolsthey had for managing risk; 29 said they used an internal carbon price.
一個名為CDP的研究機構做了一項調查。該調查詢問美國的公司或在美國經營的公司采用何種方式進行風險管理。29家公司表示他們用內部碳價進行風險管理。
Anecdotally, more apply such a price but did not mention it as a risk-mitigation measure.
更為讓人驚奇的是，更多的公司運用這種策略卻不稱之為風險緩和措施。
This is the first economy-wide picture of how farinternal carbon pricing has gone and what it isused for.
這是第一幅展現內部碳價的作用的經濟全景圖。
The pricesrange from 6-7 a tonne of carbon dioxide at Microsoft to 60 a tonne at ExxonMobil.
每噸二氧化碳的定價根據公司不同而不同，從微軟每噸6-7美元到埃克森美孚每噸60美元。
The span is not surprising, since companies use carbon prices for different purposes.
因為各個公司出于不同的目的制定碳價，這種差別并非驚人。
As a rule, those whose assets have a long productive lifeand which might be affected bygreen policies far into the future use higher prices than consumer-goods firms whose productsaremainly influenced by current policies.
通常，那些生產較長壽命的設備的公司及在未來受環保政策影響的公司的碳價比那些主要受當前政策影響的消費品公司的高。
For manycompanies the aim is to prepare themselves for future environmentallegislation.
對許多公司來說，他們制定碳價的目的是為將來的應對環保立法做準備。
AEP, a power supplier, says it uses the system because it assumesa price of carbonwillbegin in the US by roughly 2023.
美國電力公司這個電力供應商稱他們利用該定價系統因為該公司人碳價大約會在2023年在整個美國普及。
Delta AirLines says it uses a price for evaluating flights to Europein anticipation ofcompliance with EU ETS.
德爾塔航空公司稱該公司利用定價機制評估飛往歐洲的航班，以期歐洲電信標準作出讓步。
This is notthe only reason.
這并非唯一的原因。
Many firms use an internal carbon price to calculate the valueof future projects and to guideinvestment decisions.
許多公司利用內部碳價計算未來項目的價值從而指導投資決策。
Conoco Phillips, an oilfirm, requires that capital projects worth over 75m calculate the costofemissions based on a price of between 8 and 46 a tonne, depending on the lifeof theproject.
康菲石油公司要求超過7500萬美元的重要項目，必須根據項目的生命周期以每噸8-46美元的價格計算二氧化碳排放的成本。
The forecast value of a new oilfield would be: estimated outputmultiplied by the estimatedfuture oil price minus development costs and carbonemissions.
估計一個新油田的價值將會是：預計產量+預估未來的油價-開發成本-碳排放成本。
Shell,another oil company, applies a carbon price40 a tonneto some currentoperations,not only future ones.
另一個石油公司英荷殼牌不僅僅對未來的項目，即便是當下運作的項目，也采取每噸40美元的碳價。
The idea is to identify tall poppies.
這一思想旨在確認最高碳價。
The price implies that existing projectscould spend up to 40 to reduce a tonne of CO2.
該定價暗示現有項目每減少一噸二氧化碳的排放需花費40美元。
Angus Gillespie, Shell s vice-president for CO2, says we applythe carbon price as much tospur mitigation as to quantify risks.
英荷殼牌負責二氧化碳事宜的副總裁安格斯?吉萊斯皮稱我們運用碳價來盡可能地緩解量化危機。
Disney, amedia conglomerate, goes further still.
媒體企業集團迪斯尼公司走得更深更遠。
It invests in schemes to offset orreduce carbon emissions and charges the cost of these tobusiness units in proportionto how much they contribute to the company s overallemissions.
該公司投資商業計劃來抵消或減少碳排放并將碳排放的成本按照它們占公司總排放量的比例納入商業單位。
In effect, thisworks like an internal carbon tax.
實際上，這就相當于一種內部碳稅。
Perhaps themost intriguing thing about the prices, though, is how high some of them are.
可能碳價最吸引人的地方就是它們能達到多高。
The market price of carbon is 4.90 per tonne of CO2 in the EU, 11.50in California.
每噸二氧化碳排放的市場價在歐洲是4.9歐元，加利福尼亞是11.5美元。
Big oil companies charge 34 or more. That is closer to the social cost ofcarbonthe damagefrom an extra tonne of CO2than to the market price.
大型石油公司定價為34美元或更多。這比市場碳價更接近社會碳成本一噸碳導致的破壞。
America sadministration recently estimated the social cost at 37 a tonne.
美國行政機構近期估計社會碳成本是每噸37美元。
These priceschange behaviour.
這些定價改變人們的行為。
A huge amount of attention is paid to government action.
人們更加重視政府的行動。
But the sort of carbon price some companies are using for planning would, if itbecame amarket price, have a much bigger impact than any of the policies thatgovernments are nowtalking about.
但是某些公司運用這種碳價來制定商業計劃，倘若該價格成為市場價格，將會比政府現在討論的任何政策產生更大的影響。
詞語解釋
1.kill off 消滅
Their natural predators have been killed off.
它們的天敵被全部殺死。
It is an effective treatment for the bacteria anddoes kill it off.
這是殺菌的特效藥，能將其全部消滅。
2.prepare for 為作準備
It is only prudent to prepare for the consequences.
為由此帶來的后果做準備是謹慎之舉。
Now is the time to prepare for the worst.
現在就應該為最壞的狀況做準備。
3.based on 以為依據
Some think the answer is pay based on annual individual performance.
一些人認為答案在于基于個人年度業績支付薪酬。
International development actors are making judgments based on erroneous statistics.
國際發展研究人士根據錯誤的統計數字作出判斷。
4.spend up 把錢花光
Gabra women in northern kenya spend up to five hours a day carrying heavy jerry cans filledwith murky water.
在肯尼亞北部的加布拉婦女花費5個小時，每天背著沉重的杰里與黑暗蓄水罐。
Mr wade can spend up to four hours perfecting his dirt drawings but admitted one heavydownpour could destroy his hard work.
wade先生愿意花上4個小時的時間來完善他的塵垢畫作，卻不得不容忍他的大作會被一場傾盆大雨徹底毀掉。
Companies and emissions
企業使命
Carbon copy
復寫本
Some firms are preparing for a carbon pricethatwould make a big difference
一些公司準備使用碳價 這將帶來極大的轉變
THE marketsfor CO2 have had about as good a year as Obamacare.
對二氧化碳的市場管理就如同奧巴馬醫改一樣，實施已有一年了。
Europe semissions-trading system, the world s largest carbon market, collapsed inApril.
歐洲碳排放交易系統作為全球最大的碳市場在今年四月崩潰。
Australia snew government is killing off that country s fledgling market.
澳大利亞的新任政府正在遏止該國羽翼未豐的市場。
Yet companiesare blithe.
然而公司的經理人是很高興的。
Internal carbon prices, the price of atonne of CO2 used for planning purposes within firms, are becoming an increasingly commonbusiness tool.Perhaps firms know something that markets and politicians do not.
內部碳價作為用于公司內部計劃目的的每噸二氧化碳的價格，正逐步成為一個常用的商業工具。或許企業的管理者知道與此相關的事物，而這卻不在市場及政治家考慮的范圍之內。
A study byCDP, a research group, asked large firms based or operating in America whattoolsthey had for managing risk; 29 said they used an internal carbon price.
一個名為CDP的研究機構做了一項調查。該調查詢問美國的公司或在美國經營的公司采用何種方式進行風險管理。29家公司表示他們用內部碳價進行風險管理。
Anecdotally, more apply such a price but did not mention it as a risk-mitigation measure.
更為讓人驚奇的是，更多的公司運用這種策略卻不稱之為風險緩和措施。
This is the first economy-wide picture of how farinternal carbon pricing has gone and what it isused for.
這是第一幅展現內部碳價的作用的經濟全景圖。
The pricesrange from 6-7 a tonne of carbon dioxide at Microsoft to 60 a tonne at ExxonMobil.
每噸二氧化碳的定價根據公司不同而不同，從微軟每噸6-7美元到埃克森美孚每噸60美元。
The span is not surprising, since companies use carbon prices for different purposes.
因為各個公司出于不同的目的制定碳價，這種差別并非驚人。
As a rule, those whose assets have a long productive lifeand which might be affected bygreen policies far into the future use higher prices than consumer-goods firms whose productsaremainly influenced by current policies.
通常，那些生產較長壽命的設備的公司及在未來受環保政策影響的公司的碳價比那些主要受當前政策影響的消費品公司的高。
For manycompanies the aim is to prepare themselves for future environmentallegislation.
對許多公司來說，他們制定碳價的目的是為將來的應對環保立法做準備。
AEP, a power supplier, says it uses the system because it assumesa price of carbonwillbegin in the US by roughly 2023.
美國電力公司這個電力供應商稱他們利用該定價系統因為該公司人碳價大約會在2023年在整個美國普及。
Delta AirLines says it uses a price for evaluating flights to Europein anticipation ofcompliance with EU ETS.
德爾塔航空公司稱該公司利用定價機制評估飛往歐洲的航班，以期歐洲電信標準作出讓步。
This is notthe only reason.
這并非唯一的原因。
Many firms use an internal carbon price to calculate the valueof future projects and to guideinvestment decisions.
許多公司利用內部碳價計算未來項目的價值從而指導投資決策。
Conoco Phillips, an oilfirm, requires that capital projects worth over 75m calculate the costofemissions based on a price of between 8 and 46 a tonne, depending on the lifeof theproject.
康菲石油公司要求超過7500萬美元的重要項目，必須根據項目的生命周期以每噸8-46美元的價格計算二氧化碳排放的成本。
The forecast value of a new oilfield would be: estimated outputmultiplied by the estimatedfuture oil price minus development costs and carbonemissions.
估計一個新油田的價值將會是：預計產量+預估未來的油價-開發成本-碳排放成本。
Shell,another oil company, applies a carbon price40 a tonneto some currentoperations,not only future ones.
另一個石油公司英荷殼牌不僅僅對未來的項目，即便是當下運作的項目，也采取每噸40美元的碳價。
The idea is to identify tall poppies.
這一思想旨在確認最高碳價。
The price implies that existing projectscould spend up to 40 to reduce a tonne of CO2.
該定價暗示現有項目每減少一噸二氧化碳的排放需花費40美元。
Angus Gillespie, Shell s vice-president for CO2, says we applythe carbon price as much tospur mitigation as to quantify risks.
英荷殼牌負責二氧化碳事宜的副總裁安格斯?吉萊斯皮稱我們運用碳價來盡可能地緩解量化危機。
Disney, amedia conglomerate, goes further still.
媒體企業集團迪斯尼公司走得更深更遠。
It invests in schemes to offset orreduce carbon emissions and charges the cost of these tobusiness units in proportionto how much they contribute to the company s overallemissions.
該公司投資商業計劃來抵消或減少碳排放并將碳排放的成本按照它們占公司總排放量的比例納入商業單位。
In effect, thisworks like an internal carbon tax.
實際上，這就相當于一種內部碳稅。
Perhaps themost intriguing thing about the prices, though, is how high some of them are.
可能碳價最吸引人的地方就是它們能達到多高。
The market price of carbon is 4.90 per tonne of CO2 in the EU, 11.50in California.
每噸二氧化碳排放的市場價在歐洲是4.9歐元，加利福尼亞是11.5美元。
Big oil companies charge 34 or more. That is closer to the social cost ofcarbonthe damagefrom an extra tonne of CO2than to the market price.
大型石油公司定價為34美元或更多。這比市場碳價更接近社會碳成本一噸碳導致的破壞。
America sadministration recently estimated the social cost at 37 a tonne.
美國行政機構近期估計社會碳成本是每噸37美元。
These priceschange behaviour.
這些定價改變人們的行為。
A huge amount of attention is paid to government action.
人們更加重視政府的行動。
But the sort of carbon price some companies are using for planning would, if itbecame amarket price, have a much bigger impact than any of the policies thatgovernments are nowtalking about.
但是某些公司運用這種碳價來制定商業計劃，倘若該價格成為市場價格，將會比政府現在討論的任何政策產生更大的影響。
詞語解釋
1.kill off 消滅
Their natural predators have been killed off.
它們的天敵被全部殺死。
It is an effective treatment for the bacteria anddoes kill it off.
這是殺菌的特效藥，能將其全部消滅。
2.prepare for 為作準備
It is only prudent to prepare for the consequences.
為由此帶來的后果做準備是謹慎之舉。
Now is the time to prepare for the worst.
現在就應該為最壞的狀況做準備。
3.based on 以為依據
Some think the answer is pay based on annual individual performance.
一些人認為答案在于基于個人年度業績支付薪酬。
International development actors are making judgments based on erroneous statistics.
國際發展研究人士根據錯誤的統計數字作出判斷。
4.spend up 把錢花光
Gabra women in northern kenya spend up to five hours a day carrying heavy jerry cans filledwith murky water.
在肯尼亞北部的加布拉婦女花費5個小時，每天背著沉重的杰里與黑暗蓄水罐。
Mr wade can spend up to four hours perfecting his dirt drawings but admitted one heavydownpour could destroy his hard work.
wade先生愿意花上4個小時的時間來完善他的塵垢畫作，卻不得不容忍他的大作會被一場傾盆大雨徹底毀掉。
