Education and race

　　教育與種族

　　IN APRIL Kumon, a Japanese firm, opened a tuition centre in Small Heath, a poor district ofBirmingham. Its lessons are fairly cheap: about ￡55 a month for twice-weekly Englishand maths classes and homework. As in many of Kumons 680 British outfits, its clients arediverse. Many are south Asian; a few are eastern European; none is white and British.

　　4月，日本公司Kumon在伯明翰市的貧困地區(qū)小希思開設(shè)了一家講學(xué)中心。它的課程非常便宜：只需大約55英鎊就能獲得2周英文和數(shù)學(xué)的課程，還包括了家庭作業(yè)。Kumon在英國有680家機(jī)構(gòu)，它們的顧客構(gòu)成非常豐富。很多都是來自南亞的人，少部分是來自東歐的;而幾乎沒有白人和英國人。

　　In much ofEurope, pupils from many ethnic minorities linger at the bottom of the heap, saysChris Hamnett of Kings College London. That used to be true inBritaintoobut not any more.Every ethnic-minority group that trails white Britons in GCSE exams, normally taken at 16,is catching up. Bangladeshis used to perform worse than whites; now they do better. Indianshave maintained a huge lead. All this despite the fact that ethnic minorities are poorer thanaverage. Control for that, by looking at pupils who are entitled to free school meals, and allethnic-minority groups now do well.

　　倫敦國王學(xué)院的克麗絲 哈姆尼特說，在很多歐洲國家，少數(shù)名族學(xué)生一般在底層扎堆。過去在英國也是這樣但現(xiàn)在完全不同了。每一個在普通中等教育證書考試中輸給英國白人的少數(shù)民族學(xué)生通常在他們16歲的時(shí)候就能趕上英國人。孟加拉裔過去曾不如白人;但現(xiàn)在他們更加優(yōu)秀。印度人則一直保持著巨大的領(lǐng)先。所有這些都說明了少數(shù)民族學(xué)生并不比平均水平差。而且通過觀察獲得免費(fèi)校園午餐的學(xué)生我們不難看出幾乎所有的少數(shù)民族學(xué)生都表現(xiàn)出色。

　　But some fare better than others. One difference is imported social capital: Indians, whowere middle-class when they arrived inBritain, have lots. Bangladeshis and Pakistanis, whooften came from rural parts of their homelands, have less. Tenure inBritainmatters too.Newcomers have immigrant aspirations but suffer from not understanding the system.Better-established folk know how things work, but may have lost some of their ambition. Afew are in a sweet spot in between.

　　但是有些學(xué)生的遭遇比其它人更好一些。其中一個差異就是外來人員的社會階級：大部分來到英國的印度人都是中產(chǎn)階級，他們擁有更多福利。而孟加拉人和巴基斯坦人則多半是來自農(nóng)村，他們則明顯無法享受那么多福利。在英國的居住時(shí)間同樣有影響。新來者有強(qiáng)烈的移民愿望但苦于不能理解整個體系。有些人已經(jīng)較好地了解了事情如何運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，但他們中的很多人已經(jīng)失去了自己夢想。極少一部分人能夠很好地平衡這些問題，讓自己處在一個很完美的狀態(tài)。

　　Bangladeshis certainly seem to be. They arrived in large numbers from the 1970s and arenow settled, largely inLondon. Plenty are still poor: half fall into the lowest income quintile.But the parents of many children now in school grew up speaking English and attended Britishschools. They not only understand the system but are shaping it. In 1987 the Collective ofBangladeshi School Governors was set up in theLondonborough of Tower Hamlets, where afifth ofBritains Bangladeshis live. Shahanur Khan, its chairman, encourages parents to getinvolved in local schools. Parents are increasingly pushy: one mother recently complained tohim that her children were not getting enough homework.

　　孟加拉人明顯就是這種類型。他們于上世紀(jì)70年代大量來到倫敦，而且現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)站穩(wěn)了腳跟。他們中的大多數(shù)依然很窮：幾乎半數(shù)人都是收入最低的群體。但是很多孩子的父母都開始學(xué)習(xí)說英語并且開始在英國學(xué)校求學(xué)。他們不但理解了整個體系并且在讓自己適應(yīng)這個體系。1987年孟加拉人學(xué)校管理者集團(tuán)在倫敦哈姆雷特鎮(zhèn)成立了，在英國五分之一的孟加拉人生活在那。它的主席莎哈雅 可汗鼓勵父母們?nèi)ゼ尤氘?dāng)?shù)氐膶W(xué)校。父母們越來越有進(jìn)取心：最近一個月來對他的抱怨就是她孩子的家庭作業(yè)不夠多。

　　Somalis arrived much more recently: just 9% of Somali pupils were born inBritaincomparedwith 83% of Bangladeshis. And they struggle. Many parents came as asylum-seekers andspeak little English. Just one in ten Somalis is in full-time work. But their children are faringbetter, along with other black Africans. In Lambeth, a borough ofLondon, 61% of Somalipupils got five good GCSEs last year, up from 11% in 2007. Schools employ Somali teachingassistants to help parents and children with their English. The council organises an awardsceremony for outstanding students. And, increasingly, parents pay for extra tuition.

　　索馬里人則是最近一段時(shí)間內(nèi)較多的移民者：相比于83%的孟加拉學(xué)生出生在英國，只有9%的索馬里學(xué)生是這樣的。并且他們在抗?fàn)?。很多父母都是為了尋求避難所而來并且?guī)缀醪粫f英語。只有十分之一的索馬里人有全職工作。但是他們的孩子和其它非洲黑人相比表現(xiàn)得優(yōu)秀得多。在倫敦市的蘭貝斯鎮(zhèn)，索馬里學(xué)生在普通中等教育證書考試中獲得了5A成績的人數(shù)從2007年的11%上漲到了去年的61%。學(xué)校雇傭索馬里裔老師去幫助家長和孩子學(xué)習(xí)英語。當(dāng)?shù)鼐游瘯榻艹龅膶W(xué)生舉辦授獎儀式。同時(shí)的，父母們因?yàn)檎堈n外輔導(dǎo)也需要支付額外的學(xué)費(fèi)。

　　That is another reason black and Asian children are doing better. Saturday schools have longbeen common, but parents are increasingly turning to private tutors. In a survey of 11- to16-year-olds by the Sutton Trust, an education charity, 45% of Asian children said theyreceived some kind of private tuition compared with 20% of white pupils. Another studysuggests that Somalis are more likely to receive tuition than average, too. Supply hasincreased along with demand. Karamat Iqbal, director of Forward Partnership, an educationconsultancy in Birmingham, sees growing numbers of Pakistani graduates, who themselvesattended British schools, working as tutors.

　　周末學(xué)校課程已經(jīng)變得很常見，但是父母漸漸得更傾向于私人教師。那也是黑人和亞洲學(xué)生表現(xiàn)更出色的一個原因。一個教育愛心組織薩頓托管會關(guān)于11到16歲學(xué)生的調(diào)查顯示，相比20%接受私人輔導(dǎo)的白人學(xué)生，45%的亞洲學(xué)生有私人教師。另外一個研究顯示，相比平均水平索馬里的學(xué)生更可能得到私人輔導(dǎo)。供給也隨著需求的上升而上漲。伯明翰教育機(jī)構(gòu)前程伙伴的主席卡馬特 伊克巴爾表示隨著越來越多的巴基斯坦人畢業(yè)，他們開始進(jìn)入英國學(xué)校開始作為一個助教工作。

　　Black Caribbeans, a long-established group, are doing better but not dramatically so. Theyhave mostly lost immigrant zeal: many doubt that education will make much difference totheir chances in life, suggests Steve Strand, a professor of education atOxfordUniversity. Andsome teachers may be conflating bad behaviour with a lack ofaptitude. Afro-Caribbeans are less likely to be entered into higher tiers for exams wherethey could obtain the best grades.

　　而很早就站穩(wěn)腳跟的加勒比黑人最近也表現(xiàn)得更加出色了但卻不是那么引人注目。牛津大學(xué)教授斯蒂文 斯特蘭德表示：他們中的大多數(shù)已經(jīng)失去了移民的熱情，很多人懷疑教育是否會讓他們的人生有更多地機(jī)會。而且一些老師可能將惡劣的行為與缺乏學(xué)習(xí)天賦混為一談加勒比黑人很難去參加那些能取得好成績的考試。

　　Job prospects for ethnic minorities are not yet improving commensurately with their schoolresults. Despite their success in exams, Mr Khan worries that Bangladeshi students arechoosing easy A-levels, such as sociology and psychology, which limit their options.Pakistani pupils inBirminghamare doing better, says Mr Iqbal, but too many are still drivingtaxis and running corner shops or cheap restaurants.

　　為少數(shù)名族學(xué)生準(zhǔn)備的工作卻沒有隨著他們學(xué)校成績的提高而增多。除開他們在考試中的成功不談，可汗擔(dān)心孟加拉學(xué)生去選擇一些容易拿A的科目，例如社會學(xué)和心理學(xué)，這可能會限制他們將來的發(fā)展。伊克巴爾表示伯明翰的巴基斯坦學(xué)生則做的好一些，但是有太多人依然在開出租車 經(jīng)營街角商店和低端餐館。

　　Still, blacks and especially Asians are edging their way into the professions. Fully 2,087 BritishPakistanis started studying law at university in 2011, up from 478 in 2000. Some of thoselong-held ambitions are now being realised.

　　黑人尤其是亞裔人仍然在讓他們求職的路上緩慢前行。學(xué)習(xí)法律的巴基斯坦裔的從2000年的478人增加到了2011年的2087人。他們中一些曾有遠(yuǎn)大理想的人現(xiàn)在也已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了。

　　Education and race

　　教育與種族

　　IN APRIL Kumon, a Japanese firm, opened a tuition centre in Small Heath, a poor district ofBirmingham. Its lessons are fairly cheap: about ￡55 a month for twice-weekly Englishand maths classes and homework. As in many of Kumons 680 British outfits, its clients arediverse. Many are south Asian; a few are eastern European; none is white and British.

　　4月，日本公司Kumon在伯明翰市的貧困地區(qū)小希思開設(shè)了一家講學(xué)中心。它的課程非常便宜：只需大約55英鎊就能獲得2周英文和數(shù)學(xué)的課程，還包括了家庭作業(yè)。Kumon在英國有680家機(jī)構(gòu)，它們的顧客構(gòu)成非常豐富。很多都是來自南亞的人，少部分是來自東歐的;而幾乎沒有白人和英國人。

　　In much ofEurope, pupils from many ethnic minorities linger at the bottom of the heap, saysChris Hamnett of Kings College London. That used to be true inBritaintoobut not any more.Every ethnic-minority group that trails white Britons in GCSE exams, normally taken at 16,is catching up. Bangladeshis used to perform worse than whites; now they do better. Indianshave maintained a huge lead. All this despite the fact that ethnic minorities are poorer thanaverage. Control for that, by looking at pupils who are entitled to free school meals, and allethnic-minority groups now do well.

　　倫敦國王學(xué)院的克麗絲 哈姆尼特說，在很多歐洲國家，少數(shù)名族學(xué)生一般在底層扎堆。過去在英國也是這樣但現(xiàn)在完全不同了。每一個在普通中等教育證書考試中輸給英國白人的少數(shù)民族學(xué)生通常在他們16歲的時(shí)候就能趕上英國人。孟加拉裔過去曾不如白人;但現(xiàn)在他們更加優(yōu)秀。印度人則一直保持著巨大的領(lǐng)先。所有這些都說明了少數(shù)民族學(xué)生并不比平均水平差。而且通過觀察獲得免費(fèi)校園午餐的學(xué)生我們不難看出幾乎所有的少數(shù)民族學(xué)生都表現(xiàn)出色。

　　But some fare better than others. One difference is imported social capital: Indians, whowere middle-class when they arrived inBritain, have lots. Bangladeshis and Pakistanis, whooften came from rural parts of their homelands, have less. Tenure inBritainmatters too.Newcomers have immigrant aspirations but suffer from not understanding the system.Better-established folk know how things work, but may have lost some of their ambition. Afew are in a sweet spot in between.

　　但是有些學(xué)生的遭遇比其它人更好一些。其中一個差異就是外來人員的社會階級：大部分來到英國的印度人都是中產(chǎn)階級，他們擁有更多福利。而孟加拉人和巴基斯坦人則多半是來自農(nóng)村，他們則明顯無法享受那么多福利。在英國的居住時(shí)間同樣有影響。新來者有強(qiáng)烈的移民愿望但苦于不能理解整個體系。有些人已經(jīng)較好地了解了事情如何運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，但他們中的很多人已經(jīng)失去了自己夢想。極少一部分人能夠很好地平衡這些問題，讓自己處在一個很完美的狀態(tài)。

　　Bangladeshis certainly seem to be. They arrived in large numbers from the 1970s and arenow settled, largely inLondon. Plenty are still poor: half fall into the lowest income quintile.But the parents of many children now in school grew up speaking English and attended Britishschools. They not only understand the system but are shaping it. In 1987 the Collective ofBangladeshi School Governors was set up in theLondonborough of Tower Hamlets, where afifth ofBritains Bangladeshis live. Shahanur Khan, its chairman, encourages parents to getinvolved in local schools. Parents are increasingly pushy: one mother recently complained tohim that her children were not getting enough homework.

　　孟加拉人明顯就是這種類型。他們于上世紀(jì)70年代大量來到倫敦，而且現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)站穩(wěn)了腳跟。他們中的大多數(shù)依然很窮：幾乎半數(shù)人都是收入最低的群體。但是很多孩子的父母都開始學(xué)習(xí)說英語并且開始在英國學(xué)校求學(xué)。他們不但理解了整個體系并且在讓自己適應(yīng)這個體系。1987年孟加拉人學(xué)校管理者集團(tuán)在倫敦哈姆雷特鎮(zhèn)成立了，在英國五分之一的孟加拉人生活在那。它的主席莎哈雅 可汗鼓勵父母們?nèi)ゼ尤氘?dāng)?shù)氐膶W(xué)校。父母們越來越有進(jìn)取心：最近一個月來對他的抱怨就是她孩子的家庭作業(yè)不夠多。

　　Somalis arrived much more recently: just 9% of Somali pupils were born inBritaincomparedwith 83% of Bangladeshis. And they struggle. Many parents came as asylum-seekers andspeak little English. Just one in ten Somalis is in full-time work. But their children are faringbetter, along with other black Africans. In Lambeth, a borough ofLondon, 61% of Somalipupils got five good GCSEs last year, up from 11% in 2007. Schools employ Somali teachingassistants to help parents and children with their English. The council organises an awardsceremony for outstanding students. And, increasingly, parents pay for extra tuition.

　　索馬里人則是最近一段時(shí)間內(nèi)較多的移民者：相比于83%的孟加拉學(xué)生出生在英國，只有9%的索馬里學(xué)生是這樣的。并且他們在抗?fàn)帯：芏喔改付际菫榱藢で蟊茈y所而來并且?guī)缀醪粫f英語。只有十分之一的索馬里人有全職工作。但是他們的孩子和其它非洲黑人相比表現(xiàn)得優(yōu)秀得多。在倫敦市的蘭貝斯鎮(zhèn)，索馬里學(xué)生在普通中等教育證書考試中獲得了5A成績的人數(shù)從2007年的11%上漲到了去年的61%。學(xué)校雇傭索馬里裔老師去幫助家長和孩子學(xué)習(xí)英語。當(dāng)?shù)鼐游瘯榻艹龅膶W(xué)生舉辦授獎儀式。同時(shí)的，父母們因?yàn)檎堈n外輔導(dǎo)也需要支付額外的學(xué)費(fèi)。

　　That is another reason black and Asian children are doing better. Saturday schools have longbeen common, but parents are increasingly turning to private tutors. In a survey of 11- to16-year-olds by the Sutton Trust, an education charity, 45% of Asian children said theyreceived some kind of private tuition compared with 20% of white pupils. Another studysuggests that Somalis are more likely to receive tuition than average, too. Supply hasincreased along with demand. Karamat Iqbal, director of Forward Partnership, an educationconsultancy in Birmingham, sees growing numbers of Pakistani graduates, who themselvesattended British schools, working as tutors.

　　周末學(xué)校課程已經(jīng)變得很常見，但是父母漸漸得更傾向于私人教師。那也是黑人和亞洲學(xué)生表現(xiàn)更出色的一個原因。一個教育愛心組織薩頓托管會關(guān)于11到16歲學(xué)生的調(diào)查顯示，相比20%接受私人輔導(dǎo)的白人學(xué)生，45%的亞洲學(xué)生有私人教師。另外一個研究顯示，相比平均水平索馬里的學(xué)生更可能得到私人輔導(dǎo)。供給也隨著需求的上升而上漲。伯明翰教育機(jī)構(gòu)前程伙伴的主席卡馬特 伊克巴爾表示隨著越來越多的巴基斯坦人畢業(yè)，他們開始進(jìn)入英國學(xué)校開始作為一個助教工作。

　　Black Caribbeans, a long-established group, are doing better but not dramatically so. Theyhave mostly lost immigrant zeal: many doubt that education will make much difference totheir chances in life, suggests Steve Strand, a professor of education atOxfordUniversity. Andsome teachers may be conflating bad behaviour with a lack ofaptitude. Afro-Caribbeans are less likely to be entered into higher tiers for exams wherethey could obtain the best grades.

　　而很早就站穩(wěn)腳跟的加勒比黑人最近也表現(xiàn)得更加出色了但卻不是那么引人注目。牛津大學(xué)教授斯蒂文 斯特蘭德表示：他們中的大多數(shù)已經(jīng)失去了移民的熱情，很多人懷疑教育是否會讓他們的人生有更多地機(jī)會。而且一些老師可能將惡劣的行為與缺乏學(xué)習(xí)天賦混為一談加勒比黑人很難去參加那些能取得好成績的考試。

　　Job prospects for ethnic minorities are not yet improving commensurately with their schoolresults. Despite their success in exams, Mr Khan worries that Bangladeshi students arechoosing easy A-levels, such as sociology and psychology, which limit their options.Pakistani pupils inBirminghamare doing better, says Mr Iqbal, but too many are still drivingtaxis and running corner shops or cheap restaurants.

　　為少數(shù)名族學(xué)生準(zhǔn)備的工作卻沒有隨著他們學(xué)校成績的提高而增多。除開他們在考試中的成功不談，可汗擔(dān)心孟加拉學(xué)生去選擇一些容易拿A的科目，例如社會學(xué)和心理學(xué)，這可能會限制他們將來的發(fā)展。伊克巴爾表示伯明翰的巴基斯坦學(xué)生則做的好一些，但是有太多人依然在開出租車 經(jīng)營街角商店和低端餐館。

　　Still, blacks and especially Asians are edging their way into the professions. Fully 2,087 BritishPakistanis started studying law at university in 2011, up from 478 in 2000. Some of thoselong-held ambitions are now being realised.

　　黑人尤其是亞裔人仍然在讓他們求職的路上緩慢前行。學(xué)習(xí)法律的巴基斯坦裔的從2000年的478人增加到了2011年的2087人。他們中一些曾有遠(yuǎn)大理想的人現(xiàn)在也已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了。