一)Ving形式作定語

　　分詞短語作定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之后；單個分詞作定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之前。例如：

　　The man standing by the window is our teacher.

　　Many frightened people rushed out of the burning building.

　　Ving作定語主要表示動作和用途。

　　1. 表示動作（主動的、進行的動作）。

　　a waiting car = the car that is waiting

　　a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子

　　The girl standing there is my sister.

　　站在那兒的女孩是我的姐妹。

　　[注意]現在分詞作定語時，它表示的動作是正在進行或與謂語動詞所表示的動作幾乎同時發生，如果兩個動作有先有后，一般不能用現在分詞作定語，而要用定語從句。例如：

　　The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window. 老師批評了打破窗戶的學生。

　　2. 表示用途：

　　the waiting room = the room for waiting 候車室

　　a working method 工作方法

　　He has a reading room. 他有一個書房。

　　【比較】

　　過去分詞作定語：

　　及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動，不及物動詞的過去分詞表示動作完成。例如：

　　That is the book written by Lu Xun.

　　那是魯迅寫的書。

　　He is a returned student. 他是一個歸國的留學生。

　　不定式作定語：

　　用不定式作定語，其經常所修飾的名詞、代詞有：

　　meeting, reason, time, way, need, right, chance, decision, wish, promise, ability, anxiety, something, anything, nothing, anybody, somebody, thing... 例如：

　　We have no time to lose.

　　我們沒有時間（可以浪費）了。

　　That’s the plan to build the factory.

　　那就是建那座工廠的計劃。

　　(二)Ving形式作賓語補足語

　　1. 在keep, find, notice, have, feel, hear, see, leave...等動詞后常用Ving形式作賓語補足語。

　　例如：

　　1) The boss kept the workers working the whole night. 那個老板讓工人整夜地工作。

　　2) We found the old lady lying in bed. 我們發現那老太太躺在床上。

　　2. 在感官動詞：see, hear, look at, notice, observe, feel, find...等及使役動詞：have, make, leave, keep, get...等后既可以用不定式也可以用Ving形式作賓語補足語。不定式（不帶to）表示過程或動作完成，Ving形式強調進行或當時情景。例如：

　　I saw the lady crossing the street.

　　我看見那位婦人在過馬路。

　　We heard her sing two songs.

　　我們聽她唱了兩首歌。?

　　(三)Ving形式作主語

　　Ving形式具有動詞和名詞的性質，在句中起名詞作用，可作主語。

　　Seeing is believing.眼見為實。

　　It is no use arguing with him.和他爭論沒有用。

　　Ving形式作主語常用于下列句型：

　　【注意】

　　① Ving形式和不定式都可以作主語，Ving形式作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性行為，不定式作主語往往表示具體的或一次性的動作。例如：

　　Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火）

　　To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一具體動作）

　　但在It is no use / good, not any use / good, useless 等后必須用Ving形式。

　　② Ving形式作主語，謂語動詞用單數。如：

　　Forgetting the past means betrayal. 忘記過去就意味著背叛。

　　（四）Ving形式作表語

　　Ving形式具有形容詞和名詞的性質，在句中可作表語。

　　作表語用的Ving形式有兩種：一種用作名詞，一種用作形容詞。用作名詞時，說明主語的內容，就此提問時，用what ；用作形容詞時，說明主語的特征，用how進行提問。例如：

　　Her favourite job is teaching English.→ What is her favourite job?

　　It is interesting to read such a story. → How is it to read such a story? ?

　　(五)Ving形式作賓語

　　Ving形式具有動詞和名詞的性質，在句中起名詞作用，可作賓語。

　　He is fond of playing football. I like swimming.

　　他很喜歡足球，我喜歡游泳。

　　【注意】

　　①admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t stand等動詞后可以用Ving形式作賓語，但不能用不定式。

　　②forget, go on, like, mean, regret, remember, stop, try等動詞可帶Ving形式或不定式作賓語，但意義上有區別。試比較：

　　I remember doing the exercise. 我記得做過練習。

　　I must remember to do it. 我必須記著做這事。

　　I tried not to go there. 我設法不去那里。

　　I tried doing it again. 我試著又干了一次。

　　Stop speaking.? 不要講話。

　　He stopped to talk. 他停下來講話。

　　I mean to come early today. 我打算今天來早些。

　　Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個小時。

　　③在allow, advise, forbid, permit 等動詞后直接跟動詞作賓語時，要用Ving形式，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，然后在跟動詞作賓語補足語時，其賓語補足語用帶to的不定式。例如：

　　We don’t allow smoking here.

　　We don’t allow students to smoke.

　　④動詞need, require, want作“需要”解，其后跟動詞作它的賓語時，必須用Ving形式，或不定式的被動式，這時，Ving形式的主動形式表示被動意義。例如：

　　The window needs (requires, wants) cleaning (to be cleaned).

　　⑤在短語devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to, thank you for, excuse me for, be (kept) busy, be worth, have difficulty / trouble / problem(in), have a good / wonderful / hard time(in), feel? like, get down to等后的動詞也必須用Ving形式。例如：

　　I look forward to hearing from you soon.

　　⑥在love, hate, prefer等動詞后用Ving形式或不定式無大的區別。但說話人有所指的時候，通常用不定式。

　　⑦start, begin, continue在書面語中多后接動名詞，在口語中多后接不定式。

　　⑧在should (would) like / love等后須用不定式。?

　　【知識拓展】

　　Ving形式的時態和語態

　　1. Ving形式的時態

　　Ving形式的時態分一般式和完成式兩種，如果Ving形式的動作沒有明確地表示出時間是與謂語動詞同時發生或在謂語動詞以前發生，用Ving形式的一般式。例如：

　　His coming will be of great help to us.

　　如果Ving形式的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，通常用Ving形式的完成時態。例如：

　　I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.

　　2. Ving形式的語態

　　? 　主語是這個Ving形式所表示的動作的對象時，Ving形式用被動語態。被動語態由“being + 過去分詞”或“having been + 過去分詞”構成，后一種一般避免使用。例如：

　　He likes being helped.

　　He was afraid of being left at home.

　　▲在to be worth doing 句型中，Ving形式doing表示的是被動意義。例如：

　　The book is worth reading.

　　動詞的-ing形式是英語中非謂語動詞的一種,它在句中可作主語?賓語?表語?定語?狀語及補足語?由于這種形式是由動詞變化而來的,因此它具有動詞的一些特征,即可帶自己的賓語和狀語,從而構成動詞

　　-ing短語?它有時態和語態的變化,也有否定形式及其復合結構形式?

　　現以動詞do為例,其變化形式如下:

　　復合結構形式在句中主要作主語和賓語?作賓語時可用代詞賓格或名詞普通格加上動詞的-ing形式?

　　一? 動詞-ing形式作主語(通常指一個抽象動作)時,它可直接置于主語位置,也可以用it作形式主語,而把作真正主語的動詞-ing形式放在句子的后部?例如:

　　1. Knowing table manners will help you make a good impression.

　　2. Having a cellphone also makes us feel safer, since we can call for help in case of an emergency.

　　3. It’s no use crying over spilt milk.

　　4. His coming made us very happy. (復合結構作主語)

　　二? 動詞-ing形式作賓語?例如:

　　1. Having good table manners means knowing how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.

　　2. Do you prefer living in the zoo or living in the jungle?

　　3. I really can’t understand you treating her like that.

　　[注意] 1. 下列動詞后面通常要用動詞-ing形式作賓語?

　　enjoy, finish, stop, mind, suggest, practise, excuse(原諒),appreciate, keep, risk(冒險), consider, admit, miss(錯過), imagine, avoid(避免), delay(推遲) resist, cannot help等?

　　2. 在need, want, require, be worth 等動詞(短語)后面常用動詞

　　-ing的主動形式表示被動意義?例如:

　　The flowers want watering.

　　三? 動詞-ing形式作表語(常指主語的內容?狀態或性質等)?例如:

　　My interests are reading novels, playing football and singing songs.

　　The film was so moving that we saw it twice.

　　四? 動詞-ing形式作定語?

　　單個的動詞-ing形式作定語時,常置于所修飾的名詞前面;動詞

　　-ing短語作定語時則常置于被修飾的詞后面?例如:

　　1. English is the working language of most international organizations, international trade and tourism.

　　2. The building being built now will be our library.

　　五? 動詞-ing形式作狀語?

　　動詞-ing形式作狀語時,可以表示時間?原因?伴隨狀況?條件?結果等?例如:

　　1. Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy. (時間)

　　2. Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note. (原因)

　　3. The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden. (伴隨狀況)

　　4. In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals, ranking third of all the competing countries. (結果)

　　注意: 1. 動詞-ing形式(短語)作狀語時的幾個特性?

　　① 時間性?如果動詞-ing形式所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生,則用一般式;如果動詞-ing形式所表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前則使用完成式?

　　② 語態性?應考慮動詞-ing形式與句子主語之間的關系是主謂關系還是動賓關系,據此來確定語態?

　　③ 人稱的一致性?動詞-ing形式的邏輯主語應和句子的主語一致?

　　2. 動詞-ing形式前可以加when, while, though等從屬連詞,這可以視為狀語從句的省略?例如:

　　When drinking to someone’s health, you raise your glasses, but the glasses should not be touched.

　　While visiting the city, they received a warm welcome.

　　六? 動詞-ing形式作補足語?例如:

　　1. He found the wall being painted.

　　2. With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.

　　通常,賓語補足語與賓語之間有著邏輯上的主謂關系,動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語往往表示其動作在延續或進行中,用動詞-ing作賓語補足語的常見的動詞有: have, get, send, leave等使役動詞; see, hear, watch, observe, notice, catch, find, listen to,look at等感官動詞?當這些動詞用于被動語態時,作賓語補足語的動詞-ing形式就相應變成了主語補足語?

　　鞏固性練習:

　　1. ______ his exercise book, he was scolded(批評) by the teacher.

　　A. Not having handed in B. Having not handed in

　　C. Not handing in D. Handing not in

　　2. It was______to see all the students______silently in the classroom.

　　A. surprising; sitting B. surprised; seating

　　C. surprising; seat D. surprised; sitting

　　3. China became the 143rd member of the WTO on Decomber 11,2001,thus______its 15-year wish to join the global trade body.

　　A. realized

　　B. to realize

　　C. having realized

　　D. realizing

　　4. While watching television,______ .

　　A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings

　　C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings

　　5. “You can’t catch me!” John shouted,______away.

　　A. run B. running C. to run D. ran

　　6. The picture______on the wall is painted by my nephew.

　　A. having hung B. hanging

　　C. hangs D. being hung

　　7.______from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him whenever he goes.

　　A. Suffered B. Suffering

　　C. Having suffered D. Being suffered

　　8. The______boy was last seen______near the East Lake.

　　A. missing; playing

　　B. missing; play

　　C. missed; played

　　D. missed; to play

　　9. Ann never dreams of______for her to be sent abroad very soon.

　　A. being a chance

　　B. there being a chance

　　C. that she will have a chance

　　D. there to be a chance

　　10. While shopping, people sometimes can’t help______into buying something they don’t really need.

　　A. to persuade

　　B. persuading

　　C. being persuaded

　　D. be persuaded

　　11. —Henry doesn’t seem to be what he was.

　　—No.______so much in the war has made him more thoughtful.

　　A. Seen

　　B. His seeing

　　C. Having seen

　　D. To have seen

　　12. —Were you busy last weekend?

　　—Very. Rather than______time playing cards as usual, I devoted every effort to______an advertisement.

　　A. wasting; making

　　B. waste; make

　　C. to waste; make

　　D. a waste of; making