語法專題十三　代詞

　　代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類。大多數代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞，按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關系代詞和不定代詞八種。

　　考點一　替代詞it；one；that；those；ones

　　1．it特指上文所提到的同一個物，它所代替的名詞常由the，this，that等修飾。

　　one泛指上文提到的同類事物中的一個，不特指，相當于a/an＋單數名詞；ones泛指上文提到的同類事物的復數名詞；the one特指前面的可數名詞單數，有時用that來代替（尤其是后面有后置定語時）；the ones特指上文提到的復數名詞，有時可以用those代替，尤其在有后置定語的情況下。

　　that特指前面出現的單數名詞或不可數名詞，相當于“the＋可數名詞單數/不可數名詞”；that 的復數形式為those，替代可數名詞復數，可指人也可指物。

　　Yesterday I lost my pen and I couldn't find it.So I had to buy one.昨天我把鋼筆弄丟了，并且我沒有找到它，因此我不得不買一支。

　　Mr Li gave me many valuable presents，ones（many presents）that I had never seen.

　　李先生給了我許多珍貴的禮物，這些是我從來沒見過的。

　　The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.桌上的那些書比桌下的那些好。

　　2．that和one在多數情況下是不能互換的，主要區別在于：that既可代替可數名詞單數，也可代替不可數名詞，常有后置定語，一般不指人，復數形式為those；one只能代替可數名詞單數，復數形式為ones。當可數名詞前有形容詞修飾時，只能用one，不用that。當of短語作可數名詞單數的后置定語時，用that，不用one。

　　The best cigarettes are those from Yunnan.

　　最好的香煙是來自云南的那些。

　　The boy told me his story and that of the old man next door.

　　這個男孩兒告訴了我他的故事，還有他隔壁老人的故事。

　　Your coat is blue，and my new one is red.

　　你的上衣是藍色的，我的新上衣是紅色的。

　　考點二　it 的用法

　　1．指代作用。代替前文或后文所提到的同一事物（單數可數名詞或不可數名詞）或整個句子；可以代指環境、情形等也可代指度量衡單位、時間、距離、季節、天氣及自然現象。

　　Although we cannot see it，there is air all around us.

　　It is said that he has gone to Beijing，but it isn't true.

　　I can't stand it any longer.

　　It doesn't matter.

　　It's getting colder and colder now.

　　2．形式作用。用作形式主語和形式賓語，而把真正的作主語或賓語的不定式、動名詞或從句放在后面。

　　It's no use crying over spilt milk.

　　覆水難收。

　　You must make it clear to them that the situation is serious.

　　你必須讓他們弄清楚形勢嚴峻。

　　注意：

　　常用it作形式賓語的謂語動詞有appreciate，dislike，hate，like，love，make（按時到達，成功）等，后接由if或when等引導的從句時，往往在從句前加形式賓語it。

　　I would appreciate it if you paid in cash.

　　如果你能付現金，我將不勝感激。

　　The boy likes it when you do that.

　　這個男孩兒喜歡你那樣做。

　　3．強調作用

　　it可以用在強調句型中，使句子的某一成分得到強調。強調句型的基本結構為：It is/was＋所強調的成分＋that/who＋其他成分。

　　It was on the street that I met Tom.

　　我就是在街上看到湯姆的。

　　考點三　all，both，either，neither，each，none的用法比較

　　1．both（兩者都），either（兩者中的任何一個），neither（兩者都不）。以上這些詞使用范圍為兩者。

　　Neither of the two boys is clever.

　　2．both與復數名詞連用，either與單數名詞連用。

　　There are flowers on both sides of the street.

　　There are flowers on either side of the street.

　　3．all（所有的，全部的人或物），any（任何一個），none（都不）。 以上詞使用范圍為三者或三者以上。

　　All the students in my class like our teachers.

　　4．all和both與not 連用表示部分否定；none以及not...any表示全部否定。

　　All the students don't like rock music.

　　并不是所有的學生都喜歡搖滾音樂。

　　5．each可指兩者，也可指兩者以上。

　　They each have a car.

　　考點四　no，none，nothing，nobody的用法比較

　　1．no不能單獨使用，相當于not a或not any，作定語修飾可數名詞或不可數名詞。

　　He has no worry about safety.

　　2．none既可以指人，也可以指物，側重指三者或三者以上的人或物，可與介詞of連用，用于回答how many/much引導的疑問句。

　　—How many people are there in the room?

　　—None.

　　3．nobody指人，用于回答who引導的疑問句；nothing指物，用于回答what引導的疑問句。

　　—What are you doing?

　　—Nothing.

　　考點五　another，other，the other，others的用法比較

　　1．another既可以單獨使用，也可以用于單數名詞前，泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一個人或物”。還可以用于“another＋數詞＋復數名詞”中，表示”再，又”。

　　You have to wait for another three weeks.

　　你必須等另外的三周。

　　2．other 可用作形容詞，意思為“別的，其他的”，泛指“其他的（人或物）”。

　　You can ask other people to help you.

　　你可以讓其他人來幫助你。

　　3．the other指兩個人或物中的一個，不能用another，此時other作代詞使用。

　　The old man has two sons.One is a teacher；the other is a doctor.

　　4．the other 后可接可數名詞單數也可接復數名詞，不接不可數名詞。此時other 作為形容詞。

　　On the other side of the street，there is a tall tree.

　　He is taller than the other students in his class.

　　5．others 是other的復數形式，泛指“另外幾個”“其他的”。others不能作定語，表示復數意義，相當于“other＋復數名詞”；the others相當于“the other＋復數名詞”，指剩下的全部。

　　Some of them are singing；others are dancing.

　　Two students in our class failed，but all the others passed the exam.

　　考點六　部分否定與全部否定

　　all，both，everyone，everybody，everything以及“every＋名詞”都表示全部肯定。

　　none，no one，nobody，nothing，neither，not any 以及no＋名詞均表示全部否定；

　　但當not 與表示全部肯定的不定代詞連用時，表示部分否定，不管not的位置在其前還是其后。

　　Such a person can't be found everywhere.

　　這種人并非隨處可見。None of them smoke.

　　他們都不吸煙。

　　考點七　與復合不定代詞構成的習慣搭配

　　nothing but 只不過

　　anything but絕不

　　or something……之類的人（東西、情況等）

　　something of 有點兒……；在某種程度上是

　　or anything 或是其他別的事

　　nothing to do with 和……沒關系

　　for nothing免費；白白地；白費；無緣無故地

　　He is anything but a doctor.他絕不是一名醫生。

　　He's something of a liar.

　　他有點兒在說謊。

　　They will repair the building for the old man for nothing.

　　他們將會為這位老人免費維修樓房。

　　1．（2024·課標全國高考）Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him，but______of them wants to，because they have work to do.

　　A．either　B．any

　　C．neither

　　D．none

　　2．（2024·全國高考Ⅱ）Sarah made ______ to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning.

　　A．herself

　　B．this

　　C．that

　　D．it

　　3．（2024·上海高考）When he took his gloves off，I noticed that ______ one had his name written inside.

　　A．each

　　B．every

　　C．other

　　D．another

　　4．（2024·重慶高考）—John，when shall we meet again，Thursday or Friday?

　　— ______.I'll be off to London then.

　　A．Either

　　B．Neither

　　C．Both

　　D．None

　　5．（2024·福建高考）—Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?

　　—$4,000，or ______ like that.

　　A．anything

　　B．everything

　　C．something

　　D．nothing

　　6．（2024·江蘇高考）Sophia waited for a reply，but ______ came.

　　A．either

　　B．anotherC．neither

　　D．none

　　7．（2024·江西高考）My brother would like to buy a good watch but ______ was available from that shop.

　　A．nothing

　　B．none

　　C．no one

　　D．neither

　　8．（2024·遼寧高考）If you're buying today's paper from the stand，could you get______ for me?

　　A．one

　　B．such

　　C．this

　　D．that

　　9．（2024·山東高考）When you are done with the book, just give it to Lucy or Helen or ______.

　　A．whoever

　　B．wherever

　　C．whatever

　　D．however

　　10．（2024·陜西高考）No matter where he is，he makes ______ a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.

　　A．him

　　B．this

　　C．that

　　D．it

　　11．（2024·浙江高考）Studying Wendy's menu，I found that many of the items are similar to ______ of McDonald's .

　　A．those

　　B．ones

　　C．any

　　D．all

　　12．（2024·四川高考）New technologies have made______possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.

　　A．that

　　B．this

　　C．one

　　D．it

　　13．（2011·全國高考Ⅱ）I got this bicycle for ______：My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one.

　　A．everything

　　B．something

　　C．anything

　　D．nothing

　　14．（2011·北京高考）The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase ______.

　　A．them

　　B．those

　　C．it

　　D．that

　　15．（2011·上海高考）To stay awake，he finished a cup of coffee and ordered ______.

　　A．the other

　　B．other

　　C．the others

　　D．another

　　16．（2011·山東高考）The two girls are so alike that strangers find ______ difficult to tell one from the other.

　　A．it

　　B．them

　　C．her

　　D．that

　　17．（2011·湖南高考）I knew that ______ would ever discourage him；he would never give up wanting to be a director.

　　A．something

　　B．anything

　　C．everything

　　D．nothing

　　18．（2011·安徽高考）Surprisingly，Susan's beautiful hair reached below her knees and made______ almost an overcoat for her.

　　A．them

　　B．her

　　C．itself

　　D．herself

　　19．（2011·福建高考）We have various summer camps for your holidays.You can choose ______ based on your own interests.

　　A．either

　　B．each

　　C．one

　　D．it

　　20．（2011·四川高考）There is ______ in his words.We should have a try.

　　A．something

　　B．anything

　　C．nothing

　　D．everything

　　21．（2011·遼寧高考）—Would you like tea or coffee?

　　—______，thank you.I've just had some water.

　　A．Either

　　B．Both

　　C．Any

　　D．Neither

　　22．（2011·天津高考）We feel ______ our duty to make our country a better place.

　　A．it

　　B．this

　　C．that

　　D．one

　　23．（2011·陜西高考）—Would you get me a bar of chocolate from the kitchen，dear?

　　—______ one?

　　A．Other

　　B．Every

　　C．Another

　　D．More

　　24．（2011·重慶高考）—Silly me！I forget what my luggage looks like.

　　—What do you think of ______ over there?

　　A．the one

　　B．this

　　C．it

　　D．that

　　25．（2024·山西第二次四校聯考）—Which book do you think is the most useful to my studies?

　　—______，as long as you read it.

　　A．Either

　　B．Neither

　　C．Any

　　D．None

　　26．（2024·安徽皖南八校第二次聯考）Singing with Sun Yang，the swimming champion ，face to face is an unforgettable moment，______the little girl always treasures.

　　A．one

　　B．this

　　C．that

　　D．it

　　27．（2024·河南中原名校聯考）—Haven't seen you for ages？______ all right?—Quite good.I've already finished my study in Australia，and will go back and work in a big company.

　　A．Something

　　B．Everything

　　C．Anything

　　D．Nothing

　　28．（2024·浙江名校聯盟第一次聯考）—What do you think of that housewife?

　　—She is ______ of a good housekeeper，for the children's room is always a terrible mess.

　　A．nobody

　　B．somebodyC．nothing

　　D．something

　　29．Could you tell me where you bought your beautiful handbag？I want to buy______ too.

　　A．one

　　B．that

　　C．this

　　D．it

　　30．Knowledge from real life isn't easier to forget than ______ achieved from textbooks.

　　A．it

　　B．that

　　C．one