閱讀理解 [命題分析] 主旨大意題主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章或段落的中心大意以及選擇標題等形式出現。主旨大意題是閱讀理解題中的高難度能力型題目，能夠拉開考生的分數差距，所以此類題具有很好的選拔作用。該題型在近三年課標全國卷中幾乎年年都有，一般1～2個小題。 專題一　閱讀理解 主旨大意題的選項特點：正確選項通常不含細節信息和絕對意義的詞，能概括文章全部內容。干擾項通常是以以下方式設置：(1)以偏概全：概括的范圍過于狹窄，只闡述了文章的一部分內容，或者是文章主題的一個側面。(2)斷章取義。干擾項常常以文章中的個別信息或個別字眼作為選項的內容，或者以次要的事實或細節冒充全文的主要觀點。(3)主題擴大。干擾項所歸納、概括的范圍過大，超過文章實際所討論的內容，也就是無關信息(文章中未提到或找不到根據的信息)。 注意：因為考生需要讀完全文才能把握文章主題，所以在解答此類題時，考生不要急于去找答案，不論它出現在什么位置都永遠把主旨大意題作為最后一道題來做。在做完另外幾道題后，無疑會有助于考生加深對整個文章的理解。 專題一　閱讀理解 段 落 大 意 題 段落大意是指一篇文章各個段落的主要意思，是對一個段落的基本內容的簡縮和初步的概括。概括段落大意時，一定要在把握全段或全文中心的基礎上進行，做到圍繞中心，注意連貫，同時，還要注意段落大意是否與全篇相稱。段落大意要用明確、完整、簡潔的語句表達。其主要設題形式有： The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that________． What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with? What does the writer try to express in Paragraph 3? Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph 1? What is the main idea discussed in Paragraph 2?

　　(2024·高考福建卷) Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and sustain(保持)a healthy lifestyle.Group exercise is challenging，yet fun and empowering！Of course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body.However，studies have shown that when exercise is performed in groups，it’s not only great for improving physical health but for psychological health.It’s an opportunity to be social，release endorphins(內啡肽)，and improve your strength.Additionally，group exercise creates a community feel and the shared common goal motivates participants to work hard.The instrumental support of taking on a fitness journey with others proves more effective than going to the gym alone. The first paragraph focuses on ________． A．the greatest challenge of group exercise B．the most effective way to improve physical fitness C．the contribution of group exercise to psychological health　 D．the shared common goal in performing exercise in groups　 【解析】　段落大意題。第一段的開頭部分講了群體鍛煉是增進身體健康最有效的方式之一(B項內容)，而且群體鍛煉具有挑戰性(A項內容)，后面也提到共同的目標能激勵參與者努力鍛煉(D項內容)，但是這些都是指群體鍛煉對身體健康的益處。根據第一段中的關鍵詞語However(表轉折)，not only...but...以及Additionally后的內容可知，本段的重點是but for psychological health，即群體鍛煉對于心理健康很有好處。故選C項。 C 名師點津 每個段落通常都有一個中心，段落主題句通常會出現在段落的首句或尾句，有時也會在中間。在閱讀中應盡量利用有關信息確定主題句的位置。一般說來，采用歸納法寫的段落主題句在段尾；若主題句出現在段首，則文章多為說明文和議論文；若文章采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式來寫，主題句可能出現在段落的中間。有時，文章中沒有明顯的主題句，考生要學會根據段落的內容概括出主題句。 文章的主旨是通過段落來表達的，而段落的大意主要由主題句來體現，所以段落的主題句是構成文章中心思想的有機組成部分。因此，識別各段落的主題句并由此歸納出文章的中心思想是解答該類題的關鍵。快速閱讀文章找出各個段落的主題句，把各個段落的主題句聯系起來并著眼全文結構安排，就能概括出文章的中心。其主要設題形式有： 文 章 大 意 題 The main purpose of the article is to show that________． What is the main idea of the passage? The writer of the passage wants to tell us that________． The passage is mainly about________． Which of the following can best summarize the passage? What is the subject discussed in the passage? What does the passage mainly deal with?

　　(2024·高考重慶卷) At thirteen，I was diagnosed (診斷) with a kind of attention disorder.It made school difficult for me.When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks，I could not. In my first literature class，Mrs.Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it，all within 45 minutes.I raised my hand right away and said，“Mrs.Smith，you see，the doctor said I have attention problems.I might not be able to do it.” She glanced down at me through her glasses，“You are no different from your classmates，young man.” I tried，but I didn’t finish the reading when the bell rang.I had to take it home. In the quietness of my bedroom，the story suddenly all became clear to me.It was about a blind person，Louis Braille.He lived in a time when the blind couldn’t get much education.But Louis didn’t give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots (點)，which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind. Wasn’t I the “blind” in my class，being made to learn like the “sighted” students？My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance.I completed the task within 40 minutes.Indeed，I was no different from others；I just needed a quieter place.If Louis could find his way out of his problems，why should I ever give up? I didn’t expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs.Smith，so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day—with an “A” on it.At the bottom of the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？” What is the main idea of the passage?________ A．The disabled should be treated with respect. B．A teacher can open up a new world to students. C．One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts. D．Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges. C 【解析】　主旨大意題。作者是一個有注意力障礙癥的學生，因為上課不能集中精力而不得不把作業拿回家去做，在安靜的環境下終于完成了。閱讀材料的內容也給了他很大的啟發，說明只要不懈努力就一定能戰勝困難取得成功。文章強調的是不懈努力的重要性，而不是對殘障人士的尊重、老師對學生的作用或困境中的幫助，故A、B、D三項均有偏差，應選C項。 名師點津 但是考生在解答文章主旨大意類試題時，常會出現看懂文章卻做錯題這一現象。因為考生在選擇文章主旨大意時，常會犯以偏概全的錯誤。要避免出現這種錯誤，考生首先要明白自己懂的是全文的中心思想還是細節，懂的是全部詞匯的字面意思還是其蘊含的意義；然后以“三主一問”作為解題思路。“三主”指文章的主題思想、文章的結構主線和關鍵句的主謂結構。“一問”指根據文章后面所設的問題來發問：此題的考查點是什么？考生一定要讀懂題干，這樣在閱讀文章時才能站得高，看得遠，從而知全局。 標題是文章中心思想的精煉表達形式。文章標題既考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，又要求考生在理解全文的基礎上能較好地運用概括、歸納、判斷等邏輯思維方法，對文章的主題和中心進行高度的概括或提煉，并迅速而準確地選擇文章的標題。考生在做標題歸納類試題時要注意標題的三個特性，即醒目性、概括性和針對性。解題時要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語。其主要設題形式有： 標 題 歸 納 題 What is the best title for this passage? Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is________． The most suitable title of this passage is________． What would be the most suitable title for the text?

　　(2024·高考全國卷Ⅱ) Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan. Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self-conscious (難為情) when they’re in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn’t have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness. Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when it’s time to repaint，go blue. Don’t forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you’re at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal. Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake (攝入) jumps by 14 percent.And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass. What can be a suitable title for the text?________ A．Is Your House Making You Fat? B．Ways of Serving Dinner C．Effects of Self-Consciousness D．Is Your Home Environment Relaxing? A 【解析】　標題歸納題。本文主要介紹了墻壁的顏色、房間的亮度、吃飯的速度以及吃飯時使用的器皿大小等都與一個人的身材有關。因此A項“你的房子正讓你發胖嗎？”最適合做文章標題。B項“提供正餐的方式”，C項 “自我意識的作用”，D項“你家的環境令人放松嗎？”，均與本文的主題不符。 名師點津 選定標題的四大標準：(1)精——概括文章中心思想的語言要精練；(2)準——注意文章的內涵和外延，作者的觀點表達得要準確；(3)統——標題要能統領文章的細節信息；(4)新——標題要新穎，對讀者有吸引力，能激發讀者的閱讀興趣。 所以選擇標題時我們要做到：(1)要在閱讀原文的基礎上，仔細考慮所給選項與文章主題是否有密切的聯系。(2)看它對文章的概括是否準確，覆蓋面是否夠廣。注意避免下列三種錯誤：①概括不夠(多表現為以部分代替整體，從而導致范圍太小)；②過度概括(多表現為人為地擴大范圍)；③以具體細節替代主旨大意。

　　閱讀理解 [命題分析] 主旨大意題主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章或段落的中心大意以及選擇標題等形式出現。主旨大意題是閱讀理解題中的高難度能力型題目，能夠拉開考生的分數差距，所以此類題具有很好的選拔作用。該題型在近三年課標全國卷中幾乎年年都有，一般1～2個小題。 專題一　閱讀理解 主旨大意題的選項特點：正確選項通常不含細節信息和絕對意義的詞，能概括文章全部內容。干擾項通常是以以下方式設置：(1)以偏概全：概括的范圍過于狹窄，只闡述了文章的一部分內容，或者是文章主題的一個側面。(2)斷章取義。干擾項常常以文章中的個別信息或個別字眼作為選項的內容，或者以次要的事實或細節冒充全文的主要觀點。(3)主題擴大。干擾項所歸納、概括的范圍過大，超過文章實際所討論的內容，也就是無關信息(文章中未提到或找不到根據的信息)。 注意：因為考生需要讀完全文才能把握文章主題，所以在解答此類題時，考生不要急于去找答案，不論它出現在什么位置都永遠把主旨大意題作為最后一道題來做。在做完另外幾道題后，無疑會有助于考生加深對整個文章的理解。 專題一　閱讀理解 段 落 大 意 題 段落大意是指一篇文章各個段落的主要意思，是對一個段落的基本內容的簡縮和初步的概括。概括段落大意時，一定要在把握全段或全文中心的基礎上進行，做到圍繞中心，注意連貫，同時，還要注意段落大意是否與全篇相稱。段落大意要用明確、完整、簡潔的語句表達。其主要設題形式有： The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that________． What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with? What does the writer try to express in Paragraph 3? Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph 1? What is the main idea discussed in Paragraph 2?

　　(2024·高考福建卷) Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and sustain(保持)a healthy lifestyle.Group exercise is challenging，yet fun and empowering！Of course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body.However，studies have shown that when exercise is performed in groups，it’s not only great for improving physical health but for psychological health.It’s an opportunity to be social，release endorphins(內啡肽)，and improve your strength.Additionally，group exercise creates a community feel and the shared common goal motivates participants to work hard.The instrumental support of taking on a fitness journey with others proves more effective than going to the gym alone. The first paragraph focuses on ________． A．the greatest challenge of group exercise B．the most effective way to improve physical fitness C．the contribution of group exercise to psychological health　 D．the shared common goal in performing exercise in groups　 【解析】　段落大意題。第一段的開頭部分講了群體鍛煉是增進身體健康最有效的方式之一(B項內容)，而且群體鍛煉具有挑戰性(A項內容)，后面也提到共同的目標能激勵參與者努力鍛煉(D項內容)，但是這些都是指群體鍛煉對身體健康的益處。根據第一段中的關鍵詞語However(表轉折)，not only...but...以及Additionally后的內容可知，本段的重點是but for psychological health，即群體鍛煉對于心理健康很有好處。故選C項。 C 名師點津 每個段落通常都有一個中心，段落主題句通常會出現在段落的首句或尾句，有時也會在中間。在閱讀中應盡量利用有關信息確定主題句的位置。一般說來，采用歸納法寫的段落主題句在段尾；若主題句出現在段首，則文章多為說明文和議論文；若文章采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式來寫，主題句可能出現在段落的中間。有時，文章中沒有明顯的主題句，考生要學會根據段落的內容概括出主題句。 文章的主旨是通過段落來表達的，而段落的大意主要由主題句來體現，所以段落的主題句是構成文章中心思想的有機組成部分。因此，識別各段落的主題句并由此歸納出文章的中心思想是解答該類題的關鍵。快速閱讀文章找出各個段落的主題句，把各個段落的主題句聯系起來并著眼全文結構安排，就能概括出文章的中心。其主要設題形式有： 文 章 大 意 題 The main purpose of the article is to show that________． What is the main idea of the passage? The writer of the passage wants to tell us that________． The passage is mainly about________． Which of the following can best summarize the passage? What is the subject discussed in the passage? What does the passage mainly deal with?

　　(2024·高考重慶卷) At thirteen，I was diagnosed (診斷) with a kind of attention disorder.It made school difficult for me.When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks，I could not. In my first literature class，Mrs.Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it，all within 45 minutes.I raised my hand right away and said，“Mrs.Smith，you see，the doctor said I have attention problems.I might not be able to do it.” She glanced down at me through her glasses，“You are no different from your classmates，young man.” I tried，but I didn’t finish the reading when the bell rang.I had to take it home. In the quietness of my bedroom，the story suddenly all became clear to me.It was about a blind person，Louis Braille.He lived in a time when the blind couldn’t get much education.But Louis didn’t give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots (點)，which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind. Wasn’t I the “blind” in my class，being made to learn like the “sighted” students？My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance.I completed the task within 40 minutes.Indeed，I was no different from others；I just needed a quieter place.If Louis could find his way out of his problems，why should I ever give up? I didn’t expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs.Smith，so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day—with an “A” on it.At the bottom of the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？” What is the main idea of the passage?________ A．The disabled should be treated with respect. B．A teacher can open up a new world to students. C．One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts. D．Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges. C 【解析】　主旨大意題。作者是一個有注意力障礙癥的學生，因為上課不能集中精力而不得不把作業拿回家去做，在安靜的環境下終于完成了。閱讀材料的內容也給了他很大的啟發，說明只要不懈努力就一定能戰勝困難取得成功。文章強調的是不懈努力的重要性，而不是對殘障人士的尊重、老師對學生的作用或困境中的幫助，故A、B、D三項均有偏差，應選C項。 名師點津 但是考生在解答文章主旨大意類試題時，常會出現看懂文章卻做錯題這一現象。因為考生在選擇文章主旨大意時，常會犯以偏概全的錯誤。要避免出現這種錯誤，考生首先要明白自己懂的是全文的中心思想還是細節，懂的是全部詞匯的字面意思還是其蘊含的意義；然后以“三主一問”作為解題思路。“三主”指文章的主題思想、文章的結構主線和關鍵句的主謂結構。“一問”指根據文章后面所設的問題來發問：此題的考查點是什么？考生一定要讀懂題干，這樣在閱讀文章時才能站得高，看得遠，從而知全局。 標題是文章中心思想的精煉表達形式。文章標題既考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，又要求考生在理解全文的基礎上能較好地運用概括、歸納、判斷等邏輯思維方法，對文章的主題和中心進行高度的概括或提煉，并迅速而準確地選擇文章的標題。考生在做標題歸納類試題時要注意標題的三個特性，即醒目性、概括性和針對性。解題時要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語。其主要設題形式有： 標 題 歸 納 題 What is the best title for this passage? Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is________． The most suitable title of this passage is________． What would be the most suitable title for the text?

　　(2024·高考全國卷Ⅱ) Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan. Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self-conscious (難為情) when they’re in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn’t have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness. Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when it’s time to repaint，go blue. Don’t forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you’re at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal. Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake (攝入) jumps by 14 percent.And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass. What can be a suitable title for the text?________ A．Is Your House Making You Fat? B．Ways of Serving Dinner C．Effects of Self-Consciousness D．Is Your Home Environment Relaxing? A 【解析】　標題歸納題。本文主要介紹了墻壁的顏色、房間的亮度、吃飯的速度以及吃飯時使用的器皿大小等都與一個人的身材有關。因此A項“你的房子正讓你發胖嗎？”最適合做文章標題。B項“提供正餐的方式”，C項 “自我意識的作用”，D項“你家的環境令人放松嗎？”，均與本文的主題不符。 名師點津 選定標題的四大標準：(1)精——概括文章中心思想的語言要精練；(2)準——注意文章的內涵和外延，作者的觀點表達得要準確；(3)統——標題要能統領文章的細節信息；(4)新——標題要新穎，對讀者有吸引力，能激發讀者的閱讀興趣。 所以選擇標題時我們要做到：(1)要在閱讀原文的基礎上，仔細考慮所給選項與文章主題是否有密切的聯系。(2)看它對文章的概括是否準確，覆蓋面是否夠廣。注意避免下列三種錯誤：①概括不夠(多表現為以部分代替整體，從而導致范圍太小)；②過度概括(多表現為人為地擴大范圍)；③以具體細節替代主旨大意。