語法復習八：動詞時態和語態（1）

　　一、動詞的分類和形式：

　　動詞是表示動作和狀態的詞。動詞有時態、語態和語氣3種形式的變化。

　　1、動詞按其能否獨立作謂語而分為：“謂語動詞”和“非謂語動詞”兩種

　　2、動詞的4種基本形式：動詞原形、過去式、過去分詞和現在分詞。

　　3、動詞按其構成動詞詞組作用分為：實義動詞、連系動詞、情態動詞和助動詞。1）實義動詞分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。還可分為持續性動詞和瞬間動詞；2）連系動詞有兩種：一種表特征或狀態，另一種表狀態變化過程。

　　4、五種不同的短語動詞：1）“動詞+介詞”；2）“動詞+副詞”；3）“動詞+副詞+介詞”；4）“動詞+名詞（或代詞）+介詞”；5）“be+形容詞（包括相當于形容詞的過去分詞+介詞”。

　　二、動詞的時態：

　　1、一般現在時的用法：1）表示現在的習慣，經常發生的動作或存在的狀態。2）表示主語的特征、性格和能力。3）表示客觀事實或真理。4）表示按照計劃安排好的將來行為。（只限于是go,come, leave, start, stop, be等開始或移動意義的詞。）

　　2、一般過去時的用法：1）表示過去的動作或狀態。2）敘述過去連續發生的事情。3）表示過去一段時間內經常發生的動作。

　　3、一般將來時的用法：1）表示將來的動作或狀態。2）表示將來的經常動作。

　　4、現在進行時的用法：1）表示說話時正在進行的動作。2）表示現階段正在進行的動作。（說話時動作不一定進行。）

　　5、過去進行進的用法：1）過去某一時刻或某一段時間內正在進行的動作。2）表示移動的動詞：come, start, stay, leave, go等詞的過去進行時可以表示過去的將來要發生的動作。3）was going to do可以表示在過去某一時間之后發生的動作。

　　6、現在完成時的用法：1）表示剛剛完成的動作，常與just連用。2）表示過去發生而持續到現在的動作或狀態，甚至延續到將來。常與since, for連用，但for, since不能與終止性的動詞連用。3）表示過去的動作對現在造成的影響或結果。

　　7、現在完成時與一般過去時的區別：1）現在完成時與現在有聯系，它表示過去的動作對現在所產生的結果、影響。一般過去時通常表示在過去某一具體時間發生的動作，與現在沒什么聯系。2）現在完成時表示過去延續到現在的行為；一般過去時著重過去某一時刻的某一具體動作。

　　8、過去完成的用法：1）表示在過去某一或動作之前已經完成的動作。常與by, before等介詞短語或一個狀語從句或上下文暗示。2）表示由過去某一時間開始，一直延續到過去另一時間的動作，常和for（有時可省去）或since 構成的短語或since引導的從句連用。

　　9、過去將來時的用法：表示對于過去某一時刻而言將要發生的動作或存在的狀態。

　　練習一：動詞時態與語態（1）

　　1. When I saw Mary, she ______ on the piano.

　　A. is playing

　　B. plays

　　C. was playing

　　D. played

　　2. She ______ the door before she goes away.

　　A. had locked

　　B. is locking

　　C. has locked.

　　D. was locking.

　　3. A hunter is a man who ______ animals.

　　A. catch

　　B. catches

　　C. will catch

　　D. was catching

　　4. What _____ if I drink this?

　　A. happens

　　B. is happening

　　C. will happen

　　D. is happened

　　5. I will visit you if Father ______ me.

　　A. let

　　B. lets

　　C. is letting

　　D. will let

　　6. Look out! That tree _____ fall down.

　　A. is going to

　　B. will be

　　C. shall

　　D. would

　　7. My uncle _____ to see me. He'll be here soon.

　　A. comes

　　B. is coming

　　C. had come

　　D. came

　　8. They can't leave until they _____ their work.

　　A. did

　　B. are doing

　　C. have done

　　D. has done

　　9. "Has he seen this film?" " Yes. He ______ it several days ago. "

　　A. saw

　　B. has seen

　　C. had seen

　　D. was seeing

　　10. Now Mike isn't here. He ______ Mr Green's. Perhaps he ______ back in a few minutes.

　　A. went to; is coming

　　B. has gone to; will come

　　C. has been to; will be

　　D. is going to; has come

　　11. That day he ._______ his clothes before he came to see me.

　　A. has washed

　　B. washed

　　C. had been washing

　　D. was washed

　　12. I haven't finished my composition.

　　I ______ for two hours and a half.

　　A. have written it

　　B. have been writing it

　　C. wrote it

　　D. am writting it

　　13. I will take my daughter with me when I _____ ShangHai,

　　A. go to

　　B. will go to

　　C. have been to

　　D. have gone to

　　14. This bright girl ______ the truth in front of the enemy.

　　A. didn't say

　　B. couldn't speak to

　　C. said

　　D. didn't tell

　　15. The bridge which ______ last year looks really beautiful.

　　A. was built

　　B. built

　　C. was set up

　　D. had been built

　　16. " When ______ school begin?"

　　" Next Monday. "

　　A. has

　　B. does

　　C. did

　　D. is going to

　　17. I will ______ here till you give me some money.

　　A. leave

　　B. not leave

　　C. come

　　D. return

　　18. I _____ here since I moved here.

　　A. will work

　　B. worked

　　C. work

　　D. have been working

　　19. Every time I _____ there, I will buy him something nice.

　　A. went

　　B. will go

　　C. go

　　D. have gone

　　20. It was said that his father ______.

　　A. has died

　　B. died.

　　C. has been dead

　　D. had died

　　21. We won't go unless you ______ soon.

　　A. had come

　　B. came

　　C. will come

　　D. come

　　22._____six years since I began studying English.

　　A. They have been

　　B. it is

　　C. It was

　　D. There are

　　23. They ______ the Summer Palace three times.

　　A. have gone to B. have been to C. have been in D. have gone into

　　24. "How long haven't we seen each other? ""Well, it _____ nearly two years since we ______ last. "

　　A. is/have met

　　B. was/had met

　　C. is/met

　　D. has been/had met

　　25. "Have you seen the art exhibition?" "No, _____ there. "

　　A. it was not being held

　　B. they didn't hold

　　C. it had not held

　　D. they were holding it

　　26. Don't get off the bus until it ______.

　　A. stop

　　B. will stop

　　C. stopped

　　D. has stopped

　　27. "Where ______ the recorder? I can't see it anywhere." "I _____ it right here. But now it's gone. "

　　A. did you put/have put

　　B. have you put/put

　　C. had you put/was putting

　　D. were you putting/have put

　　28. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years since I ______ a good drink.

　　A. had enjoyed

　　B. was enjoying C. enjoyed

　　D. had been enjoying

　　29. Don't come tonight. I would rather you _____ tomorrow.

　　A. come

　　B. came

　　C. will come

　　D. coming

　　30. ______ you ______?

　　A. Do/marry

　　B. Have/married C. Have/been married D. Are/married

　　31. When he ______ all the newspapers, he'll go home.

　　A. sells

　　B. has sold

　　C. will have sold

　　D. will be sold

　　32. "This cloth _____well and _____ long. ""Ok. I'll take it. "

　　A. washes/lasts

　　B. is washed/lasted

　　C. washes/is lasted

　　D. is washing/lasting

　　33. "Hurry up, you ______ on the phone. " "Oh, I'm coming. Thank you. "

　　A. are wanted

　　B. are being wanted

　　C. want

　　D. are wanting

　　34. I ______ see you, but I didn't, for I had no time.

　　A. had wanted to B. has wanted to C. wanted

　　D. was wanted

　　35. I ______ in Guang Zhou for six years by this October.

　　A. have lived

　　B. was living

　　C. will be living

　　D. shall have lived

　　36. By this time next year he ______ from the college.

　　A. will be graduating

　　B. should be graduating

　　C. will have graduated

　　D. is graduating

　　37. Our teacher told us that the earth _____ from west to east.

　　A. turns

　　B. turn

　　C. has turned

　　D. had turned

　　38. My brother _____ while he _____ his bicycle and hurt himself.

　　A. fell/was riding

　　B. fell/were riding

　　C. had fallen/rode

　　D. had fallen/was riding

　　39. Bill said he ____ twenty-one the next year.

　　A. was going to be

　　B. was about to be

　　C. could be

　　D. was to be

　　40. It is high time you _____ in bed now.

　　A. are

　　B. were

　　C. will be

　　D. would be

　　41. After a while an agreement _____.

　　A. was arrived at B. was arrived in

　　C. was arrived

　　D. has been arrived

　　42. The air liner from Beijing _____ at 3:00 p.m.

　　A. is about to arrive

　　B. has arrived

　　C. arrives

　　D. is going to arrive

　　43.______,that step is not safe!

　　A. Look around

　　B. Look up

　　C. Look out

　　D. Look down

　　44. "Have you _____ him to give up smoking?"

　　"No. I _____, but he wouldn't listen."

　　A. persuaded/tried

　　B. tried/persuaded

　　C. tried/tried

　　D. persuaded/persuaded

　　45. The research laboratory is going to ______ the new type of computer to use.

　　A. take

　　B. make

　　C. put

　　D. send

　　46. I don't know when he ______, but when he ______, I'll let you know.

　　A. will come/comes B. comes/will come

　　C. comes/comes

　　D. will come/will come

　　47. How much do you think that vase _____?

　　A. is cost

　　B. used

　　C. was paid for

　　D. cost

　　48. I _____ that he would be able to leave tomorrow, but it's beginning to look diffcult.

　　A. hope

　　B. had hoped

　　C. hoped

　　D. am hoping

　　49. “Come on, Peter, I want to show you something.”

　　“Oh, how nice of you, I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.”

　　A. never think/are going

　　B. never thought/ were going

　　C. didn’t think/ are going

　　D. hadn’t thought/ were going

　　50. It’s a nice flat, but it _____ a proper bathroom.

　　A. haven’t got

　　B. hasn’t got

　　C. wouldn’t get D. doesn’t have got

　　51. She had a shock when she heard the news, _____?

　　A. hadn’t she

　　B. didn’t she

　　C. wouldn’t she D. won’t she

　　52. This liquid _____ the salt at room temperature.

　　A. became mixed with

　　B. was mixed by

　　C. mixes with

　　D. has been mixing by

　　動詞時態和語態（2）

　　一、時態的呼應：在復合句，從句（主要是賓語從句）中的時態，常受主句謂語動詞的影響，這就叫做時態的呼應，時態的呼應一般有如下的情況。

　　1、如果主句的謂語動詞為現在時態，其從句中的謂語動詞應該用什么時態就用什么時態，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.

　　2、如果主句中的謂語動詞為過去時態，從句中的謂語動詞就要用過去時態，但要注意到下列情況：（1）如果從句中的謂語動詞所表示的動作與主句中的謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生，從句中須用一般過去時或過去進行時，如：She said she was busy then. (2)如果從句中的謂語動詞所表示的動作發生在主句謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，從句中須用過去完成時，如：I didn’t know that she had been to London twice. (3)如果從句中的謂語動詞所表示的動作發生在主句謂語動詞所表示的動作之后，從句須用過去將來時，如：They didn’t know when they would have a rest. (4)如果從句中說明的是一種普遍真理現象，雖然主句的謂語動詞為過去時態從句中仍要用一般現在時，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. (5)如果從句中有表示具體過去時間的狀語，雖然其謂語動詞所表示的動作發生在主句謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，從句仍用一般過去時，但如果該狀語表示的時間不具體，則從句仍要用過去完成時，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.

　　二、被動語態：英語動詞的語態有兩種：主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者，被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者，在被動語態的句子中，動作的執行者，一般由介詞by引起的短語來表示，如:We often help them. (主動)我們常幫助他們。They are often helped by us.(被動)他們常被我們幫助。

　　1、被動語態各時態的形式是由助動詞be的各時態的形式加及物動詞的過去分詞構成。

　　2、被動語態八種時態的用法例句:被動語態常用的八種時態的基本用法和主動語態各時態的

　　基本用法相同，只是句中的主語不是動作的執行者，而是動作的承受者，如:(1)一般現在時：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般過去時：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般將來時: When will the work be finished? (4)過去將來時：He told us that the work would be finished the next day. (5)現在進行時：

　　Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)過去進行時：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)現在完成時：The work hasn’t been finished yet. (8)過去完成:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.

　　3、在下列情況下，一般使用被動語態：（1）當不知道動作執行者是誰或沒有必要提到動作執行者時，如：Paper was first made in China. （2）當強調或突出動作承受者的作用時，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.