Module5·Unit2 The environment（2） 如何寫好名詞性從句 掌握了寫好簡單句的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)習(xí)，要寫好名詞性從句就很容易了。什么樣的名詞性從句就應(yīng)該置于什么位置。但是使用名詞性從句主要應(yīng)注意其引導(dǎo)詞的用法與區(qū)別、何時用it作形式主語或形式賓語來代替真正的主語從句或賓語從句等。 (1) He told a lie to everyone. It is wrong. (合并成一個復(fù)合句) That he told a lie to everyone is wrong. (2) That he told a lie to everyone is wrong. I think…(合并成復(fù)合句) I think that he told a lie to everyone is wrong. ① 若賓語從句后還有補足語，要用 it作形式賓語，而把賓語從句放在句尾。 根據(jù)英語語言表達方式，如果主語從句或賓語從句太長，可用it作形式主語或形式賓語，真正主語和賓語置于后面，則得出該句最標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的語言表達句式： I think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone. (3)Something was going on in the art. They were interested in it.(合并成一個復(fù)合句) 兩句合并成一個句子，首先語義上要符合邏輯，這樣可以確定主從句；再根據(jù)語法結(jié)構(gòu)及連詞的用法表述句子，得出該句為：They were interested in what was going

　　on

　　in

　　the

　　art. (賓語從句)或為：They were interested in something

　　that

　　was going on in the art. (that…為定語從句，something that ＝ what)

　　翻譯下列句子 1. 我猜想你對政治不感興趣。

　　________________________________________________________________________ 2. 我不知道李甜甜是否能按時到這里。

　　________________________________________________________________________ 3. 為了更好地掌握我們所學(xué)的，我們應(yīng)該被給予更多的機會來運用它。

　　________________________________________________________________________ 4. 你要哪一個就挑選哪一個。

　　________________________________________________________________________ 5. 這位教授給我們提出了一些如何學(xué)好英語的建議。

　　________________________________________________________________________ 6. 今天的中國不再是50年前的中國。

　　________________________________________________________________________ 7. 問題是我們什么時候完成這項工程。 ________________________________________________________________________ 8. 這就是古泗州城所處的位置。 ________________________________________________________________________ 9. 這位畫家是什么地方人我們都不知道。 ________________________________________________________________________ 10. 我們什么時候開運動會還是個問題。 __________________________________________________ 1. I imagine that you're not interested in politics.

　　2. I don't know whether Li Tian-tian will be here on time.

　　3. We should be given more opportunities to use what we've learned in order to have a better grasp of it.

　　4. You may choose whichever you want.

　　5. The professor gave us some advice on how we could learn English well.

　　6. China of today is no longer what it was fifty years ago.

　　7. The question is when we'll complete the works. 8. This was where the Old Sizhou Town lay. 9. Where the painter is from is unknown to us all. 10. It is still a question when we'll have our sports meet. v．-ing形式 v．-ing形式由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。有一般時和完成時，及物動詞的有主動態(tài)和被動態(tài)，不及物動詞的只有主動態(tài)。 主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài) 一般時 doing being done 完成時 having done having been done 1．v.-ing形式的句法功能： (1)用作主語或在形式主語結(jié)構(gòu)中用作真正主語。 Seeing is believing.眼見為實。 (2)用作表語。 The situation is encouraging. 形勢令人鼓舞。 (3)用作動詞賓語，可用于復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)。 You seem to take giving up pretty easily. 你似乎很輕易就放棄了。 (4)作定語如果是單詞，一般放在被修飾詞的前面；如果是短語，則放在被修飾詞的后面，作后置定語。 John is an attacking boxer. 約翰是一個攻擊型的拳擊手。 (5)v.-ing形式作賓語補足語的句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時， v．-ing形式就變成了主語補足語。 She was heard singing all the time. 人們聽到她一直在唱。 (6)作狀語，表示時間，原因，條件，結(jié)果，讓步，方式。 Crossing the road, he was run over by a car. 他在穿過馬路時，被一輛轎車從身上碾過。 Being sick I went to see a doctor. 我因病去看醫(yī)生。 Thinking hard, you will find a good way. 仔細(xì)想想，你就會找到一個好辦法。 Knowing all this, they asked us to finish the task in ten days. 他們盡管了解這一切，還是要我們在10天之內(nèi)完成任務(wù)。 He sat in the armchair, reading the newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅上讀報紙。 2．v.-ing形式的時態(tài)與語態(tài)。 (1)一般式所表示的動作可與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生。 A big job should be done in popularizing education. 普及教育應(yīng)該花大力氣。 (2)完成式所表示的動作皆發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。 We all got angry for having been cheated by the company. 被那家公司欺騙， 我們都很氣憤。 (3)一般式和完成式都可用于被動式。 Jack objects to being kept waiting. 杰克反對讓他等著。 I can't forgive myself for having been attacked by surprise. 遭到突然襲擊，我不能原諒自己。 (4)在句中雖為主動形式，卻含有被動意義，這樣的詞有need, want, require, be worth。 The bike needs repairing. 自行車需要修理。 高考湖南卷的單選題中v.-ing形式必考，每年一題，總計1分。 1．只接v.-ing形式作賓語的動詞或短語： can't help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to等。 2．既可以接不定式，又可以接v.-ing形式的有： (1)意義基本相同。begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具體的動作，接動名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為) (2)意義相反。stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事； stop doing 停止正在做的事 (3)意義不同。 remember/forget/regret to do(指動作尚未發(fā)生); remember/forget/regret doing(指動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生) go on to do(接著做另外一件事);

　　go on doing(接著做同一件事) try to do(設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力)； try doing(試試去做，看有何結(jié)果) mean to do(打算做，企圖做)； mean doing (意思是，意味著) can't help to do(不能幫忙做)； can't help doing(忍不住要做) 3．不定式與v.-ing形式用法比較 (1)v.-ing形式著重進程；不定式著重結(jié)果。 He has been trying to solve the problem. 他一直在設(shè)法解決這一問題。 Your work needs correcting. 你寫的東西需要修改。 (2)v.-ing形式表示一般或抽象的多次性行為；而不定式則往往表示具體的或一次性的動作。 To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火會發(fā)生危險。 Walking for an hour at a street is more exhausting than you seem to think. 在街上行走一小時似乎會比你想象的要累。

　　(3)有的動詞其后接v.-ing形式表示已完成的動作；不定式則表示未完成的動作。 I remember closing the window. 我記得把窗戶關(guān)上了。 Remember to close the window. 記著要關(guān)窗戶。 (4)v.-ing形式的邏輯主語可能泛指“人們”；而不定式的邏輯主語則常常是句子中的名詞或代詞。 I hate working on Sundays. 我討厭星期日上班。 I hate to smoke. 我討厭抽煙。 4．注意某些短語中的to不是不定式符號，而是介詞，后面應(yīng)該接v.-ing形式(請參閱介詞講解部分)。 1. — Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, ________ to go to university.

　　— So do I.

　　A. hope

　　B. hopes

　　C. hoping

　　D. hoped

　　B　此題應(yīng)選B，句子的真正主語是 each of the students，空格處填的 hopes 是句子謂語，其中的 working hard at his or her lessons 是插入成分修飾主語。 2. The husband advised ________ to the south, but his wife advised him ________ up the idea.

　　A. moving; giving

　　B. to move; to give

　　C. moving; to give

　　D. to move; giving C　此題容易誤選A，因為許多學(xué)生都記住了“advise 后接動詞要用動名詞而不用不定式”這一搭配規(guī)則。但此“規(guī)則”的表述是不準(zhǔn)確的，準(zhǔn)確的說法應(yīng)該是：advise 后接動詞作賓語時，要用動名詞，不用不定式；但若其后接的動詞前有賓語，此動詞用作賓語補足語時，則此動詞要用不定式。即說 advise doing sth.(建議做某事)或 advise sb. to do sth.(建議某人做某事)。 類似情況的還有 allow(允許)，permit(允許)，forbid(禁止)等動詞，即：allow doing sth. 允許做某事； allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事； permit doing sth. 允許做某事，permit sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事； forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事； forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事。順便說一句，要特別注意以上各句型后一結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)形式，如：We don't allow smoking in the lab. 我們不準(zhǔn)在實驗室吸煙。We don't allow people to smoke in the lab. 我們不準(zhǔn)人們在實驗室吸煙。 People are not allowed to smoke in the lab. 人們不準(zhǔn)在實驗室吸煙。綜上所述，此題答案應(yīng)選C。

　　Module5·Unit2 The environment（2） 如何寫好名詞性從句 掌握了寫好簡單句的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)習(xí)，要寫好名詞性從句就很容易了。什么樣的名詞性從句就應(yīng)該置于什么位置。但是使用名詞性從句主要應(yīng)注意其引導(dǎo)詞的用法與區(qū)別、何時用it作形式主語或形式賓語來代替真正的主語從句或賓語從句等。 (1) He told a lie to everyone. It is wrong. (合并成一個復(fù)合句) That he told a lie to everyone is wrong. (2) That he told a lie to everyone is wrong. I think…(合并成復(fù)合句) I think that he told a lie to everyone is wrong. ① 若賓語從句后還有補足語，要用 it作形式賓語，而把賓語從句放在句尾。 根據(jù)英語語言表達方式，如果主語從句或賓語從句太長，可用it作形式主語或形式賓語，真正主語和賓語置于后面，則得出該句最標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的語言表達句式： I think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone. (3)Something was going on in the art. They were interested in it.(合并成一個復(fù)合句) 兩句合并成一個句子，首先語義上要符合邏輯，這樣可以確定主從句；再根據(jù)語法結(jié)構(gòu)及連詞的用法表述句子，得出該句為：They were interested in what was going

　　on

　　in

　　the

　　art. (賓語從句)或為：They were interested in something

　　that

　　was going on in the art. (that…為定語從句，something that ＝ what)

　　翻譯下列句子 1. 我猜想你對政治不感興趣。

　　________________________________________________________________________ 2. 我不知道李甜甜是否能按時到這里。

　　________________________________________________________________________ 3. 為了更好地掌握我們所學(xué)的，我們應(yīng)該被給予更多的機會來運用它。

　　________________________________________________________________________ 4. 你要哪一個就挑選哪一個。

　　________________________________________________________________________ 5. 這位教授給我們提出了一些如何學(xué)好英語的建議。

　　________________________________________________________________________ 6. 今天的中國不再是50年前的中國。

　　________________________________________________________________________ 7. 問題是我們什么時候完成這項工程。 ________________________________________________________________________ 8. 這就是古泗州城所處的位置。 ________________________________________________________________________ 9. 這位畫家是什么地方人我們都不知道。 ________________________________________________________________________ 10. 我們什么時候開運動會還是個問題。 __________________________________________________ 1. I imagine that you're not interested in politics.

　　2. I don't know whether Li Tian-tian will be here on time.

　　3. We should be given more opportunities to use what we've learned in order to have a better grasp of it.

　　4. You may choose whichever you want.

　　5. The professor gave us some advice on how we could learn English well.

　　6. China of today is no longer what it was fifty years ago.

　　7. The question is when we'll complete the works. 8. This was where the Old Sizhou Town lay. 9. Where the painter is from is unknown to us all. 10. It is still a question when we'll have our sports meet. v．-ing形式 v．-ing形式由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。有一般時和完成時，及物動詞的有主動態(tài)和被動態(tài)，不及物動詞的只有主動態(tài)。 主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài) 一般時 doing being done 完成時 having done having been done 1．v.-ing形式的句法功能： (1)用作主語或在形式主語結(jié)構(gòu)中用作真正主語。 Seeing is believing.眼見為實。 (2)用作表語。 The situation is encouraging. 形勢令人鼓舞。 (3)用作動詞賓語，可用于復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)。 You seem to take giving up pretty easily. 你似乎很輕易就放棄了。 (4)作定語如果是單詞，一般放在被修飾詞的前面；如果是短語，則放在被修飾詞的后面，作后置定語。 John is an attacking boxer. 約翰是一個攻擊型的拳擊手。 (5)v.-ing形式作賓語補足語的句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時， v．-ing形式就變成了主語補足語。 She was heard singing all the time. 人們聽到她一直在唱。 (6)作狀語，表示時間，原因，條件，結(jié)果，讓步，方式。 Crossing the road, he was run over by a car. 他在穿過馬路時，被一輛轎車從身上碾過。 Being sick I went to see a doctor. 我因病去看醫(yī)生。 Thinking hard, you will find a good way. 仔細(xì)想想，你就會找到一個好辦法。 Knowing all this, they asked us to finish the task in ten days. 他們盡管了解這一切，還是要我們在10天之內(nèi)完成任務(wù)。 He sat in the armchair, reading the newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅上讀報紙。 2．v.-ing形式的時態(tài)與語態(tài)。 (1)一般式所表示的動作可與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生。 A big job should be done in popularizing education. 普及教育應(yīng)該花大力氣。 (2)完成式所表示的動作皆發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。 We all got angry for having been cheated by the company. 被那家公司欺騙， 我們都很氣憤。 (3)一般式和完成式都可用于被動式。 Jack objects to being kept waiting. 杰克反對讓他等著。 I can't forgive myself for having been attacked by surprise. 遭到突然襲擊，我不能原諒自己。 (4)在句中雖為主動形式，卻含有被動意義，這樣的詞有need, want, require, be worth。 The bike needs repairing. 自行車需要修理。 高考湖南卷的單選題中v.-ing形式必考，每年一題，總計1分。 1．只接v.-ing形式作賓語的動詞或短語： can't help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to等。 2．既可以接不定式，又可以接v.-ing形式的有： (1)意義基本相同。begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具體的動作，接動名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為) (2)意義相反。stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事； stop doing 停止正在做的事 (3)意義不同。 remember/forget/regret to do(指動作尚未發(fā)生); remember/forget/regret doing(指動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生) go on to do(接著做另外一件事);

　　go on doing(接著做同一件事) try to do(設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力)； try doing(試試去做，看有何結(jié)果) mean to do(打算做，企圖做)； mean doing (意思是，意味著) can't help to do(不能幫忙做)； can't help doing(忍不住要做) 3．不定式與v.-ing形式用法比較 (1)v.-ing形式著重進程；不定式著重結(jié)果。 He has been trying to solve the problem. 他一直在設(shè)法解決這一問題。 Your work needs correcting. 你寫的東西需要修改。 (2)v.-ing形式表示一般或抽象的多次性行為；而不定式則往往表示具體的或一次性的動作。 To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火會發(fā)生危險。 Walking for an hour at a street is more exhausting than you seem to think. 在街上行走一小時似乎會比你想象的要累。

　　(3)有的動詞其后接v.-ing形式表示已完成的動作；不定式則表示未完成的動作。 I remember closing the window. 我記得把窗戶關(guān)上了。 Remember to close the window. 記著要關(guān)窗戶。 (4)v.-ing形式的邏輯主語可能泛指“人們”；而不定式的邏輯主語則常常是句子中的名詞或代詞。 I hate working on Sundays. 我討厭星期日上班。 I hate to smoke. 我討厭抽煙。 4．注意某些短語中的to不是不定式符號，而是介詞，后面應(yīng)該接v.-ing形式(請參閱介詞講解部分)。 1. — Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, ________ to go to university.

　　— So do I.

　　A. hope

　　B. hopes

　　C. hoping

　　D. hoped

　　B　此題應(yīng)選B，句子的真正主語是 each of the students，空格處填的 hopes 是句子謂語，其中的 working hard at his or her lessons 是插入成分修飾主語。 2. The husband advised ________ to the south, but his wife advised him ________ up the idea.

　　A. moving; giving

　　B. to move; to give

　　C. moving; to give

　　D. to move; giving C　此題容易誤選A，因為許多學(xué)生都記住了“advise 后接動詞要用動名詞而不用不定式”這一搭配規(guī)則。但此“規(guī)則”的表述是不準(zhǔn)確的，準(zhǔn)確的說法應(yīng)該是：advise 后接動詞作賓語時，要用動名詞，不用不定式；但若其后接的動詞前有賓語，此動詞用作賓語補足語時，則此動詞要用不定式。即說 advise doing sth.(建議做某事)或 advise sb. to do sth.(建議某人做某事)。 類似情況的還有 allow(允許)，permit(允許)，forbid(禁止)等動詞，即：allow doing sth. 允許做某事； allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事； permit doing sth. 允許做某事，permit sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事； forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事； forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事。順便說一句，要特別注意以上各句型后一結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)形式，如：We don't allow smoking in the lab. 我們不準(zhǔn)在實驗室吸煙。We don't allow people to smoke in the lab. 我們不準(zhǔn)人們在實驗室吸煙。 People are not allowed to smoke in the lab. 人們不準(zhǔn)在實驗室吸煙。綜上所述，此題答案應(yīng)選C。