Section 12　閱讀理解

　　史地常識(shí)類

　　觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題解題技巧

　　【命題探究】

　　這類題主要考查考生能否正確判斷出作者寫(xiě)這篇文章的目的或作者對(duì)所描述的事件的真正看法，所以，解題時(shí)考生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注

　　主要設(shè)題形式：

　　The attitude of the author towards something is ________．

　　The writer of the passage seems to think that ________．

　　What is the author’s opinion on cramming?

　　What’s the writer’s attitude towards...?

　　What do we know about somebody in the passage?

　　Somebody can be said________．

　　What does the author think about the present generation?

　　1．要學(xué)會(huì)辨別清楚文章的體裁。高考閱讀理解題涉及各類文章，以議論文為主，文章的主題句往往會(huì)直接或間接地表明作者的態(tài)度、立場(chǎng)；說(shuō)明文，因?yàn)槠潴w裁的客觀性，所以作者往往采取中立態(tài)度；

　　2．要分清選項(xiàng)中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反對(duì)或否定的詞語(yǔ)，再以此對(duì)照文章內(nèi)容。下面是一些常見(jiàn)的有關(guān)作者情感、態(tài)度的詞語(yǔ)：

　　(1)表示支持或肯定的詞語(yǔ)

　　positive積極的，樂(lè)觀的； supportive支持的； optimistic樂(lè)觀的； humorous幽默的； serious嚴(yán)肅的； enthusiastic熱情的； pleasant愉 concerned關(guān)切的等。

　　(2)表示中立的詞語(yǔ)

　　indifferent不感興趣的，漠不關(guān)心的，中立的； uninterested不感興趣的； neutral中立的； impersonal冷淡的； subjective主觀的； objective客觀的等。

　　(3)表示反對(duì)或否定的詞語(yǔ)

　　disgusted憎惡的；厭惡的； critical批評(píng)的； negative否定的，消極的； suspicious懷疑的； tolerant容忍的； disappointed失望的； ironic諷刺的； sarcastic挖苦的等。

　　(4)表示情感的詞語(yǔ)

　　bitter令人不快的，由痛苦引起的； sentimental傷感的； emotional情緒激動(dòng)的； angry氣憤的等。

　　【典例】　

　　As the railroads and the highways shaped the American West in the past centuries，a new electrical generating(發(fā)電) and transmission(輸送) system for the 21st century will leave a lasting mark on the West，for better or worse.Much of the real significance of railroads and highways is not in their direct physical effect on the scenery，but in the ways that they affect the surrounding community.The same is true of big solar plants and the power lines that will be laid down to move electricity around.

　　...

　　The money set aside in negotiated trade－offs and the institutions that control it will shape the West far beyond the immediate footprint of power plants and transmission lines.So let’s remember the effects of the railroads and the highways as we construct these new power plants in the West.

　　What is the author’s attitude towards building solar plants?

　　A．Cautious.

　　B．Approving.

　　C．Doubtful.

　　D．Disapproving.

　　解析　根據(jù)第一段中的．..will leave a lasting mark on the West；The same is true of big solar plants and the power lines...；以及最后一段最后一句話可知，作者對(duì)建太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電站是持贊成態(tài)度的。

　　答案　B

　　做好觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題，從下面兩點(diǎn)著手：

　　1．關(guān)注主題句，全面理解文章的內(nèi)容to entertain)；廣告類應(yīng)用文的目的一般是推銷產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)(to persuade)；議論文的目的是要闡述論點(diǎn)(to argue)；科普、文化類說(shuō)明文的目的大多是介紹知識(shí)，使大家廣聞博見(jiàn)(to inform)。

　　2．在判斷的過(guò)程中，我們應(yīng)特別注意作者在文中的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞。千萬(wàn)不能主觀臆想、憑空想象、隨意揣測(cè)，更不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)。在很多文章中，作者

　　(2024·四川高考)In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest, there still remain unusual groups of indigenous(土著的) people.Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs.And yet, people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony(殖民地) of the French Republic since 1946.In theory, they should live by the French law.However, their remote locations mean that the French Law is often ignored or unknown, thus making them into an interesting area of “l(fā)awlessness” in the world.

　　The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the effects of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin.Gin spent five months in early 2024 exploring the most remote corners of this area, which sits on the edge of the Amazon rainforest, with half its population of only 250，000 living in its capital, Cayenne.

　　“I have a special love for the French Guianese people.I have worked there on and off for almost ten years，” says Gin.“I’ve been able to keep firm friendships with them.Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment.I don’t see it as a lawless land.But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”

　　“I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life，” continues Gin.“I prefer to work in black and white, which allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly.”

　　His black－and－white pictures present a world almost lost in time.These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for.These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self－supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.

　　1．Why does the author feel surprised about the indigenous people in French Guiana?

　　A．They seldom follow the French law.

　　B．They often ignore the Guianese law.

　　C．They are separated from the modern world.

　　D．They are both Guianese and French citizens.

　　2．Gin introduces the special world of the indigenous Guianese as ________．

　　A．a(chǎn) tour guide

　　B．a(chǎn) geographer

　　C．a(chǎn) film director

　　D．a(chǎn) photographer

　　3．What is Gin’s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese?

　　A．Cautious.

　　B．Doubtful.

　　C．Uninterested.

　　D．Appreciative.

　　4．What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to?

　　A．The modern French lifestyle.

　　B．The self－supporting world.

　　C．The uncivilized hunting.

　　D．The French Republic.

　　Passage 1

　　(2024·四川高考)No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo.But a new study suggests they used a little rock‘n’roll.Long－ago builders could have attached wooden poles to the stones and rolled then across the sand, the scientists say.

　　“Technically, I think what they’re proposing is possible，” physicist Daniel Bonn said.

　　People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks.And there’s no obvious answer.On average, each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck.The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away.

　　The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths.Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板)．Then they would have dragged them along paths.To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated__the__paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle.Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand.

　　Evidence from the sand supports this idea.Researchers found small amounts of fat, as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths.

　　However, physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way, who led the new study .West said, “I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought, ‘Why don’t they just try rolling the things？’ ” A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides, he realized.That, he notes, should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”．

　　So he tried it．

　　He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30－kilogram stone block.That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel.Then they placed the block on the ground.

　　They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled.The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths.They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving it along a slippery(滑的)path.

　　West hasn’t tested his idea on larger blocks，but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding.At least，workers wouldn’t have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.

　　1．It’s widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by ________．

　　A．rolling them on roads

　　B．pushing them over the sand

　　C．sliding them on smooth paths

　　D．dragging them on some poles

　　2．The underlined part “l(fā)ubricated the paths” in Paragraph 4 means________．

　　A．made the paths wet

　　B．made the paths hard

　　C．made the paths wide

　　D．made the paths slippery

　　3．What does the underlined word “it”in Paragraph 7 refer to?

　　A．Rolling the blocks with poles attached.

　　B．Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.

　　C．Rolling poles to move the blocks.

　　D．Rolling the blocks with fat.

　　4．Why is rolling better than sliding according to West?

　　A．Because more force is needed for sliding.

　　B．Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle.

　　C．Because sliding on smooth roads is more dangerous.

　　D．Because less preparation on paths is needed for rolling.

　　5．What is the text mainly about?

　　A．An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site.

　　B．An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site.

　　C．An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site.

　　D．An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site.

　　Passage 2

　　(2024·福建高考)Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and sustain(保持) a healthy lifestyle.Group exercise is challenging, yet fun and empowering! Of course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body.However, studies have shown that when exercise is performed in groups, it’s not only great for improving physical health but for psychological health.It’s an opportunity to be social, release endorphins(內(nèi)啡肽), and improve your strength.Additionally, group exercise creates a community feel and the shared common goal motivates participants to work hard.The instrumental support of taking on a fitness journey with others proves more effective than going to the gym alone.

　　Another beneficial aspect of group exercise is the informational support participants receive from the instructor.

　　Many people fear the gym because they feel lost and don’t want to embarrass themselves.If you feel you can relate, then group training is an even better option for you.It’s a great opportunity to learn more about fitness through the clear instruction and supervision(監(jiān)管) of a fitness instructor.If you’re tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that’ll keep your workout on track.Don’t let fitness frighten you!

　　If you’re serious about wanting to live a healthy lifestyle, it’s extremely important to surround yourself with people who’ll provide you with the proper emotional support.I wouldn’t scold anyone for deciding to party on weekends and in turn I wouldn’t expect anyone to give offence to me for focusing on my health.Surround yourself with people who uplift, encourage and understand you! Make fitness even more fun by trying something new or any group fitness class, with a friend.Plan to go for a jog together.Then try a fun healthy restaurant or fresh juice bar! Fitness can be both fun and social!

　　Surrounding yourself with people who’ll provide you with respect support can be very beneficial while working towards reaching health and fitness goals.First, decide to do it for yourself and work towards staying positive.Then make sure the people you surround yourself with are supportive.Don’t let negativity ruin your motivation.

　　1．The first paragraph focuses on ________．

　　A．the greatest challenge of group exercise

　　B．the most effective way to improve physical fitness

　　C．the contribution of group exercise to psychological health

　　D．the shared common goal in performing exercise in groups

　　2．The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “________”．

　　A．cheerful

　　B．a(chǎn)verage

　　C．serious

　　D．temporary

　　3．When it comes to emotional support, the author thinks it necessary ________．

　　A．to sustain a colorful lifestyle

　　B．to party on weekends with positive people

　　C．to try a fun healthy restaurant regularly

　　D．to surround yourself with supportive people

　　4．What would be the best title for the passage?

　　A．Seeking Support

　　B．Supporting Health

　　C．Improving Your Strength

　　D．Building Up Fitness

　　Passage 3

　　(2024·湖北高考)Hilversum is a medium－sized city between the major cities of Amsterdam and Utrecht in the Gooi area of North Holland，the Netherlands.Unlike most of the Netherlands，Hilversum is actually in a hilly area with the soil mostly consisting of island.Once called the Garden of Amsterdam，it still attracts travelers to come over to cycle and walk through the surrounding forests.They visit it for a relaxing day off from the urban madness.For Dutch people，Hilversum is all about textile(紡織)and media industries，and modern architecture.

　　In history，Hilversum was largely an agricultural area.Daily life was marked by farming，sheep raising and wool production.A railway link to Amsterdam is 1874 attracted rich traders from Amsterdam to Hilversum.They built themselves large villas(別墅) in the wooded surroundings of the town.One of the families moving in was the Brenninkmeijers，currently the wealthiest family of the Netherlands.They moved in after big success in the textile industry and aided a substantial textile industry in Hilversum.But the textile boom lasted only several decades.The last factory closed in the 1960s.

　　The change to a media economy started in 1920，when the Nederlandse Seintoestellen Fabriek(NSF) established a radio factory in Hilversum.Most radio stations settled in the large villas in the leafy areas of the town.Television gave another push to the local economy.Hilbersum became the media capital of the Netherlands，and Dutch television stars moved into the leafy neighborhoods surrounding the town.

　　In the early 1900s，modern architects W．M.Dudok and J．Duiker placed hundreds of remarkable buildings in Hilversum.These modern architectural masterpieces(杰作) are so many that Hilversum almost feels like an open air museum.Dudok alone shaped most of 20th century Hilversum and approximately 75 buildings still bear his unique characteristics.His masterpiece，Hilversum Tower Hall，was built in 19281931.It has wide international fame and is included in many architecture textbooks.The building has a remarkable shape and looks like a combination of “blocks”．Actually，one may start his journey of modern architecture by walking or biking the W．M.Dudok Architectural Route in Hilversum.

　　1．Hilversum is different from most of the Netherlands in that ________．

　　A．it has a large population

　　B．it is cut off from big cities

　　C．it has many beautiful gardens

　　D．it is in a hilly area with sandy soil

　　2．What was the greatest contribution of the Brenninkmeijers to Hilversum?