第11講　特殊句式和主謂一致

　　特殊句式[深化認(rèn)知]

　　一、倒裝句

　　(一)部分倒裝

　　1．將含有否定意義的副詞或連詞置于句首時(shí)引起部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這類詞(組)有：never, seldom, rarely, little, few, at no time, by no means, no longer, hardly/scarcely ... when ..., no sooner ... than ..., not only ... but also ..., not until, nowhere, neither ... nor ... 等。

　　Not until the press reported the pollution did people know why the water supply had been cut off.

　　直到報(bào)紙報(bào)道污染情況，人們才知道水供給為什么會(huì)被切斷。

　　2．“only＋狀語(yǔ)”置于句首時(shí)，主句要進(jìn)行部分倒裝。

　　(2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ單選)Only by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent can the patients be treated properly in this hospital.

　　只有增加50%的醫(yī)生，病人才能在這家醫(yī)院得到妥善治療。

　　3．so/such ... that ... 結(jié)構(gòu)中的so, such 連同它所修飾的成分共同位于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，主句要用部分倒裝。

　　So suddenly did he catch the disease that the whole family were at a great loss.

　　他患病突然，全家人全然不知所措。

　　4．表示前面所說(shuō)的情況也適合于后者時(shí)，用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)“so/ neither/nor＋助動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主語(yǔ)”(so表示肯定意義，neither/nor表示否定意義)。

　　5．a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。即as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中必須將表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)(形容詞、副詞、分詞)或?qū)嵙x動(dòng)詞提前，構(gòu)成“形容詞/副詞/名詞/動(dòng)詞/分詞＋as＋主語(yǔ)＋謂語(yǔ)的其他部分”的形式。

　　Hard as they tried，they couldn't make her change her mind.

　　盡管他們盡力了，但他們還是沒能讓她改變主意。

　　(二)全部倒裝

　　1．here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away, on the wall, in the room 等表示地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間或方位的副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí)，句子用全部倒裝。

　　John opened the door. There stood a girl he had never seen before.

　　約翰打開門，他從來(lái)沒見過(guò)的一位女孩站在那兒。

　　2．such置于句首時(shí)。

　　Such are the facts; no one can deny them.

　　這些就是事實(shí)，沒有人能否定它們。

　　[名師指津]　此句型中such多被認(rèn)為是表語(yǔ)，所以such后的be動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后真正的主語(yǔ)保持一致。

　　二、省略句

　　1．復(fù)合句中的省略

　　在as if, if, though, when, where, while, no matter what, until等引導(dǎo)的從句中，若謂語(yǔ)部分含be動(dòng)詞，而主語(yǔ)又與主句的主語(yǔ)一致或從句主語(yǔ)是it時(shí)，從句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)中的be動(dòng)詞可以一起省略。

　　All the photographs in this book, unless

　　(the photographs are)

　　stated otherwise, date from the 1950s.

　　這本書里所有的照片，除非有說(shuō)明的，否則，都要追溯到20世紀(jì)50 年代。

　　2．動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to的省略及不定式的省略

　　在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞后接不定式作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往將不定式符號(hào)to省略；在同一句話或同一情景對(duì)話中，當(dāng)同一動(dòng)作再次出現(xiàn)在后面的不定式位置上時(shí)，通常省略該動(dòng)作而保留不定式符號(hào)to。

　　(2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ單選)The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to.

　　那名司機(jī)想把車停靠在路邊，但是警察不允許他這樣做。

　　3．so/not構(gòu)成替代省略

　　英語(yǔ)中還常常用so/not等來(lái)代替省略的肯定內(nèi)容或否定內(nèi)容，so/not多跟在I'm afraid/I hope/I think/I guess/I believe等開頭的答句中；條件狀語(yǔ)從句中有時(shí)也有類似的用法，如：if so/if not等。

　　It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine. If so, we'd better take it to the garage immediately.

　　聽起來(lái)好像汽車引擎出故障了。如果這樣的話，我們最好立即把它送到汽修廠。

　　三、強(qiáng)調(diào)句

　　1．強(qiáng)調(diào)句型

　　(1)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：It is/was＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分。該句型可對(duì)句子的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。

　　(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的一般疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)：Is/Was ＋it＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分？

　　Was it in the park that he met our new teacher?

　　他是在公園里遇到我們的新老師的嗎？

　　(3)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問(wèn)句結(jié)構(gòu)：特殊疑問(wèn)詞＋is/was＋it＋that＋句子其他部分？

　　注意：強(qiáng)調(diào)句型也可用于賓語(yǔ)從句中，但注意語(yǔ)序要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。

　　He asked what it was that made him so upset.

　　他詢問(wèn)究竟是什么讓他如此難過(guò)。

　　(4)not ... until句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)：It is/was not until ... ＋that＋句子其他部分。

　　It was not until I came here that I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.

　　直到我來(lái)到這里我才意識(shí)到這個(gè)地方出名不僅僅是因?yàn)樗拿利愡€因?yàn)樗臍夂颉?/p>

　　2．強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

　　用助動(dòng)詞do, does或did來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的肯定的陳述句中，do還可以用于祈使句。

　　She did tell me about her address, but I forgot all about it.

　　她確實(shí)告訴過(guò)我她的地址，但我全忘了。

　　[典題在線]

　　完成句子

　　1．(2024·天津高考單選)Only when Lily walked into the office did_she_realize (她才意識(shí)到) that she had left the contract at home.

　　2．(2024·湖南高考單選)Only after talking to two students did_I_discover_ (我才發(fā)現(xiàn))

　　that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.

　　3．(2024·北京高考單選)If_accepted (如果你被接受) for the job, you'll be informed soon.

　　4．(2024·湖南高考單選)It was when we were returning home that_I_realized (我才意識(shí)到) what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.

　　5．(2024·大綱卷單選)Not only do_the_nurses_want (護(hù)士想) a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well.

　　6．(2024·陜西高考單選)No sooner had_Mo_Yan_stepped_on_the_stage_ (莫言一上臺(tái))

　　than the audience broke into thunderous applause.

　　7．(2024·湖南高考單選)It's not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do that_makes_life_happy (讓生活快樂(lè))．

　　8．(2024·浙江高考單選)There are some health problems that, when_not_treated_in_time (如果不及時(shí)處理), can become bigger ones later on.

　　9．(2024·天津高考單選) It_was_not_until_near_the_end_of_the_letter_that (直到將近信的結(jié)尾) she mentioned her own plan.

　　主謂一致[深化認(rèn)知]

　　主謂一致原則

　　一、意義一致原則

　　1．由連詞and連接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出現(xiàn)(不可分割的整體)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

　　The writer and teacher Smith has gone through

　　millions of ups and downs since he moved to Sydney.

　　既是作家又是教師的史密斯自從搬到悉尼經(jīng)歷了無(wú)數(shù)的成敗。

　　2．“no/each/every/many a＋單數(shù)名詞＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

　　Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.

　　每一個(gè)人都有很好的理由為他們的父親所從事的職業(yè)感到驕傲。

　　3．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。

　　Knowing how to think clearly and how to speak correctly gives one confidence.

　　知道怎樣清晰地思考并正確地說(shuō)出來(lái)會(huì)增加人的自信。

　　4．含修飾語(yǔ)的名詞作主語(yǔ)的特殊情況

　　(1)“many a/more than one＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

　　Many a large and big business has been built up from small ones.

　　很多大企業(yè)都是從小規(guī)模發(fā)展起來(lái)的。

　　(2)all, the rest, the remaining/part ...＋主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)根據(jù)句子所表達(dá)的單復(fù)數(shù)意義而定。

　　The factory used three fifths of the raw materials, the rest of which were saved for other purposes.

　　工廠用了這種原材料的五分之三， 剩余部分節(jié)省出來(lái)作為他用。

　　(3)“幾分之幾/百分之幾＋of＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般根據(jù)of后的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。

　　Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.

　　昨天只做了60%的工作。

　　二、就近一致原則

　　1．由or, either ...or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but (also) ...等連接的并列主語(yǔ)，通常根據(jù)就近一致原則，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)常與最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。

　　Either you or I am going to be in charge of this matter.

　　或者你或者我要負(fù)責(zé)這件事的。

　　Not only the students but (also) their teacher is enjoying the film.

　　不僅學(xué)生而且老師也喜歡這部電影。

　　2．由there, here引起的主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)通常和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。

　　There is a pencil and two pens in the pencil-box.

　　＝ There are two pens and a pencil in the pencil-box.

　　文具盒內(nèi)有一支鉛筆和兩支鋼筆。

　　三、語(yǔ)法一致原則

　　1．主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)通常遵循語(yǔ)法一致的原則，即主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

　　The majority of visitors were in favor of his conclusion that the number of books published on the subject was simply surprising.

　　大多數(shù)的訪客都支持他的結(jié)論：在這個(gè)主題方面出版的書的數(shù)量真是令人驚訝。

　　2．a(chǎn) quantity of接名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。quantities of后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

　　With more and more forests being destroyed, a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year.

　　＝ With more and more forests being destroyed, quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.

　　隨著越來(lái)越多的森林被砍伐，每年有大量的沃土被沖走。

　　3．由“kind (form, type, sort, species, portion, series) of”等修飾的主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式常取決于這些詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。

　　This new type of buses is now on show.

　　這種新型的公共汽車現(xiàn)在正在展出。

　　4．主語(yǔ)后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等附屬成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與前面的主語(yǔ)保持一致。

　　The murderer, together with his two brothers, was sentenced to death just now.

　　那個(gè)殺人犯， 連同他的兩個(gè)兄弟剛才均被判處死刑。

　　[典題在線]

　　Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空

　　1．(2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ語(yǔ)法填空)Yangshuo is (be) really beautiful.

　　2．(2024·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ語(yǔ)法填空)This cycle goes (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night ...

　　3．(2024·湖南高考單選)It is important to remember that success is (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often takes (take) years to achieve.

　　4．(2024·廣東高考語(yǔ)法填空)Wewere_told (tell) that our rooms hadn't been reserved for that week,

　　but

　　for the week after.

　　5．(2024·湖南高考單選)All we need is (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.

　　6．(2024·福建高考單選)The famous musician, as well as his students, was_invited (invite)

　　to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2024 Taipei Flower Expo.

　　7．(2024·江蘇高考單選)Generally, students' inner motivation with high expectations from others is (be) essential to their development.

　　Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)

　　1．(2024·遼寧高考短文改錯(cuò))The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.have→has

　　2.(2024·四川高考短文改錯(cuò))Hello, boys and girls! Today, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off.go→goes

　　3．(2024·浙江高考短文改錯(cuò))Good night and remember, you, dear diary, is my only souvenir from my past life and my only friend.is→are

　　4．(2024·遼寧高考短文改錯(cuò))Hard work have made him very ill. “He has ruined his health.”have→has

　　5．My father work in a factory and my mother is a teacher. We live a happy life together.work→works

　　6．Frank, with his two sisters, are leaving London by train next morning.are→is

　　7．The day before yesterday the police including one officer was searching for the murderer in that mountain.was→were

　　8．This is because two thirds of the earth's surface are made up of vast oceans.are→is對(duì)點(diǎn)集訓(xùn)即時(shí)鞏固·提升知能Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空

　　1．(2024·天津模擬)Mr.Smith as well as his wife and daughter is (be) going to the Great Wall next week.

　　2．(2024·河南六校聯(lián)考)Two fifths of the land in that district is (be) covered with trees and grass.

　　3．The whole family are_watching (watch)

　　the Spring Festival Gala Evening now.

　　4．The drunken driver, rather than the passers-by was (be) to blame for the traffic accident.

　　5．Barbara is easy to recognize as she's the only one of the women who wears (wear) evening dress.

　　6．Quantities of money are (be) needed to equip the school.

　　7．(2024·濟(jì)南質(zhì)檢)Between the two rows of trees stands (stand) the teaching building.

　　8．(2024·石家莊診斷)John has not yet passed the driving test, and neither has Henry.

　　9．Was it in 1969 that the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon?

　　10．More than one doctor was (be) involved in the rescue that took place after the earthquake.

　　Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)

　　1．Mr Black, as well as the professor who comes from Peking University, are to attend our school meeting.are→is

　　2．(2024·哈爾濱模擬)It's reported that many a new house are being built at present in the disaster area.are→is

　　3．(2024·鄭州檢測(cè))Only then she realized how serious the situation had been.she_realized→did_she_realize

　　4．Thirty minutes are enough for the work.are→is

　　5．While walk along the street, I heard my name called.walk→walking

　　6．(2024·太原模擬)The number of the students who come from the north are small.are→is

　　7．Nobody but one teacher and three students were in the laboratory.were→was

　　8．Not only I but also Jane and Mary is tired of the film.is→are

　　9．I will help you with the handbag if possibly.possibly→possible