第六講并列句和狀語從句

　　單句語法填空

　　1．(2024·廣東高考語法填空)One day, the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.

　　2．(2024·新課標全國卷Ⅰ語法填空)But the river wasnt changed in a few days or even a few months.

　　3．(2024·遼寧高考語法填空)Unbelievable! Oh ... if you dont mind, I’ll stop and take a deep breath.

　　4．(2024·北京高考改編)He is a shy man, but he is not afraid of anything or anyone.

　　5．(2024·北京高考改編)Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, so plants can spread to new places.

　　6．(2024·山東高考改編)I dont really like the author, although/though I have to admit his books are very exciting.

　　7．(2024·天津高考改編)Once you start eating in a healthier way, weight control will become much easier.

　　8．(2024·安徽高考改編)The meaning of the word “nice” changed a few times before it finally came to include the sense “pleasant”．

　　9．(2024·山東高考改編)Mark needs to learn Chinese since his company is opening a branch in Beijing.

　　10．(2024·四川高考改編)At school, some students are active while some are shy, yet they can be good friends with one another.

　　一、并列句

　　(一)并列句的4種類型

　　1．表并列、遞進或順承關系：and, both ... and ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ...

　　The earth is one of the suns planets, and the moon is our satellite.

　　地球是太陽系中的一顆行星，月亮是地球的衛星。

　　2．表轉折、對比關系：but, yet, while

　　①The problem was a little hard, yet I was able to work it out.

　　這道題有點難，然而我卻把它做出來了。

　　②The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm.

　　北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天卻很暖和。

　　3．表選擇關系：or, otherwise, or else, either ... or ..., not ... but ...

　　Now you can either have a rest or you can go to the cinema.

　　現在你可以休息，也可以去看電影。

　　4．表因果關系：so, for (表“由于”，一般不放在句首)

　　He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.

　　由于他視力開始下降，他發現讀書越來越困難了。

　　(二)并列句的2大句式

　　1．when “就在這時，突然”，常用以下句式

　　?sb. be about to do/on the point of doing sth. when ...某人正要做某事，突然……

　　?sb. be doing sth. when ...某人正在做某事，突然……

　　?sb. had done sth. when ...某人剛做完某事，突然……

　　①One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help.

　　當我們周五在收拾行李要去度周末時，我的女兒突然聽到了呼救聲。

　　②She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.

　　昨天她剛完成家庭作業，媽媽就讓她練習鋼琴。

　　2．and與or/otherwise用于并列句

　　?祈使句＋and＋陳述句(and表示順承關系)

　　?祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陳述句(or/otherwise表示轉折關系)

　　①Find ways to praise your children often, and youll find they will open their hearts to you.

　　設法常常表揚你的孩子，這樣你就會發現他們樂意向你敞開心扉。

　　②Hurry up, or/otherwise you will be late for class.

　　快點兒，否則你們上課就遲到了。

　　二、狀語從句

　　(一)時間狀語從句

　　1．when, while和as的用法

　　連詞 含義及用法 例句

　　when “當……時候”，可與延續性動詞或短暫性動詞連用；從句動作可以發生在主句動作之前、之后或與主句動作同時發生 When you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.當你申請工作時，你必須遞交你的有關證書。

　　while “當……時候”，一般只可與延續性動詞連用，從句動作與主句動作同時發生 Mary made coffee while her guests were finishing their meal.客人們就要吃完的時候，瑪麗去煮咖啡了。

　　as “一邊……一邊……”，常與延續性動詞連用，從句動作與主句動作同時或幾乎同時發生 As he grew older, he became less active.隨著他逐漸長大，他變得不那么活潑了。

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　　如果主句表示的是短暫性動作，而從句用延續性動詞的進行時表示在一段時間內正在進行的動作時，when, while與as可互換使用。

　　When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend.

　　我正沿著大街走時，碰巧遇到了我的一個老朋友。

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　　2．before與since的用法

　　(1)before表示“在……之前；還未……就……；還沒來得及……就……”。常用于以下句型：

　　?It will be＋一段時間＋before ... 多久之后才……

　　?It wont be long before ...

　　不久之后就……

　　?It was＋一段時間＋before ...

　　過了多久才……

　　John thinks it wont be long before he is ready for his new job.

　　約翰認為不久他就能為他的新工作做好準備。

　　(2)since的用法

　　①since表示“自從……”，其引導的從句在句中作狀語時，主句常用現在完成時或現在完成進行時；從句常用一般過去時。

　　I have returned home twice since I settled down in the States.

　　自從我定居美國后，我回過兩次家。

　　They have been living very happily since they got married.

　　自從結婚后他們一直生活得很幸福。

　　②since引導的從句的謂語若是持續性動詞，常理解為某一狀態的終止；若是終止性動詞，則理解為某一動作的開始。

　　He has written to me frequently since he was ill.

　　自從病好以來，他經常給我來信。

　　He has written to me frequently since he went abroad.

　　他自出國以來，經常給我寫信。

　　③since表示“自從……以來”，常用于“It is/has been＋時間段＋since從句”結構。該句型表示“自從開始(不做)……已經多長時間了”，一般從句的時態用一般過去時，主句中的時態用現在完成時。

　　As is reported, it has been/is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.

　　據報道，清華大學已經建立了100多年了。

　　3．till, until和not ...until ...的用法

　　(1)until或till表示“某動作一直延續到某時間點才停止”，此時主句謂語動詞是延續性動詞，主、從句都為肯定式。這兩個詞可以換用，但till不可以置于句首，而until可以。

　　Have you heard the meeting will be put off till/until next Tuesday?

　　這個會議將被推遲到下周二，你有沒有聽說？

　　(2)not ... until ... 表示“直到……才”，主句謂語動詞必須是非延續性動詞。

　　As far as I know, his mother wont go to bed until he returns home every evening.

　　據我所知，他母親每晚直到他回家才會上床睡覺。

　　4．表示“一……就……，剛……就……”的常用表達

　　(1)表示“一……就……”的表達

　　as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant

　　The moment I heard the voice，I knew Father was coming.

　　我一聽到那個聲音就知道父親來了。

　　(2)表示“剛……就……”的表達

　　no sooner ... than ..., hardly/scarcely ... when ...的時態搭配：no sooner與hardly/scarcely后的句子謂語動詞應用過去完成時，而than與when引導的句子謂語動詞應用一般過去時。此外，當把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首時，應用倒裝語序。

　　He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.

　　＝ No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering.

　　他剛完成演講學生們就開始歡呼起來。

　　(二)條件狀語從句

　　1．條件狀語從句的常見引導詞

　　if, unless (＝if ... not), so/as long as (只要), on condition that (條件是), if only (＝if), provided that (如果), in case (萬一，如果), suppose/supposing that (假設，如果), assuming that等均可引導條件狀語從句。

　　①We will have a picnic in the park this Sunday unless it rains or its very cold.

　　除非下雨或天很冷，否則我們將在本周日去公園野餐。

　　②My parents dont mind what job I do as long as I am happy.

　　我的父母不在意我從事什么工作，只要我高興就好。

　　2．條件狀語從句的時態

　　在條件狀語從句中，常用一般現在時表將來含義；現在完成時表即將完成之后的情況；一般過去時表過去將來的含義。

　　If everyone does his part, the project will surely be a success.

　　如果大家都盡責，這個項目肯定會成功。

　　(三)讓步狀語從句

　　1．although, though, while引導的讓步狀語從句。

　　Though/Although/While regular exercise is very important, its never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.

　　盡管有規律的鍛煉很重要，但臨睡前鍛煉不是個好主意。

　　2．as, though引導的讓步狀語從句需用部分倒裝語序。

　　Hot as/though the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.

　　在長途跋涉之后，盡管夜晚的空氣很熱，我們還是因為累睡得很熟。

　　3．“疑問詞＋-ever”引導的讓步狀語從句，意為“無論……”。

　　Wherever you choose to settle down, you should attempt to fit in with the local people.

　　無論你選擇在哪里定居，你都應該嘗試做到入鄉隨俗。

　　4．whether ... or ...引導的讓步狀語從句，意為“不論……還是……”，表示正反兩種情況都不會影響主句的意向或結果。

　　Well go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or we cannot.

　　不管我們能否找到所需的工具，我們都要把這項工作做下去。

　　(四)地點狀語從句

　　地點狀語從句表示地點、方位，通常由where, wherever引導，可置于句首、句中或句尾。

　　I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise where I am sitting.

　　因為我坐的地方噪音太大，所以聽不清教授在說什么。—————————————————————————————————————

　　where引導的定語從句與狀語從句的區別：

　　地點狀語從句與定語從句的區別在于從句在句中所作的成分，如果作狀語，則是狀語從句；如果作定語，則是定語從句。

　　The little girl who got lost decided to remain where she was and wait for her mother. (狀語從句，其中remain為不及物動詞)

　　→The little girl who got lost decided to remain in the place where she was and wait for her mother. (定語從句)

　　那個迷路的小女孩決定待在原地等她的母親。

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　　(五)原因狀語從句

　　原因狀語從句可由because, as, since, now that, in that, considering (that)等詞引導。

　　1．because譯作“因為”，表示直接原因，語氣較強，能回答由why提出的問句。

　　The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.

　　那位老人讓露西換坐到另一把椅子上，因為他想挨著妻子坐。

　　2．as譯作“由于”，語氣較輕，常表示顯而易見的原因；since (既然), now that (既然), in that (因為)，表示雙方都知道的原因，語氣較弱。as, since和now that引導的從句多位于主句之前。

　　Now that you have got a job, you should learn to be independent of your parents.

　　既然你找到了一份工作，你應該學會獨立不依靠父母。

　　(六)方式狀語從句

　　引導方式狀語從句的從屬連詞有as, as if, as though等。方式狀語從句應放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引導的從句常用虛擬語氣，但如果從句中所陳述的情況很可能實現，也可用陳述語氣。

　　①The house was greatly damaged by the truck.Wed better leave things as they are until the police arrive.

　　卡車對這座房子造成了嚴重的損壞。我們最好保持原樣直到警察到來。

　　②The construction industry is no longer as depressed as it was.

　　建筑業不再像以往那樣蕭條了。

　　③The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.

　　這位老太太對待這個男孩就像他是她自己的兒子似的。

　　(七)結果狀語從句

　　1．引導結果狀語從句的從屬連詞有：so ...that ..., such ...that ...。在非正式語體中，由so ...that ..., such ...that ...引導的句子中的that可以省略，注意其結構形式：

　　①He is such a learned person that we admire him very much.

　　＝ He is so learned a person that we admire him very much.

　　他如此有學問，以至于我們非常贊賞他。

　　②It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.

　　天氣如此晴朗，以至于我們都想去公園。

　　③He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.

　　他掙這么少的錢，以至于養不起家。

　　2．當so或such所在的主句主語與結果狀語從句中的主語一致時，還可簡化為：so/such ...as to ...。

　　He was so clever a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.

　　＝ He was so clever a student as to be able to work out all the difficult problems.

　　他是一名如此聰明的學生，以至于他能夠解決所有難題。

　　(八)目的狀語從句

　　引導目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case (that), lest等。

　　1．in order that和so that引導的目的狀語從句

　　兩個連詞都意為“以便……；為了……”，它們引導的狀語從句中常用情態動詞。

　　When he goes out, he often wears sunglasses so that/in order that nobody/no one can recognize him.

　　他出門的時候常戴著墨鏡，以便沒人能認出他。

　　2．for fear that, in case (that)和lest引導的目的狀語從句

　　引導目的狀語從句時，for fear that表示“害怕，擔心某事會發生”；in case (that)/lest表示“以防出現某種情況”。