動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)精講精煉02

　　十一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替過(guò)去時(shí)

　　1.“書上說(shuō)”“報(bào)紙上說(shuō)”等。

　　The newspaper says that it’s going to be cold tomorrow. 報(bào)紙上說(shuō)明天會(huì)很冷的。

　　2.敘述往事，使其生動(dòng)。

　　Napoleon’s army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破侖的部隊(duì)沖上來(lái)了，戰(zhàn)斗打響了。十二、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)

　　1.有些動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)：

　　hear，tell，learn，write，understand，forget，know，find，say,remember

　　I hear (=have heard)he will go to London.

　　I forget (=have forgotten)how old he is.

　　2.句型“It is...since...”代替“It has been...since...”

　　It is (=has been)five years since we last met.

　　十三、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　1.句型：Here comes...； There goes...

　　Look，here comes Mr.Li.看，李先生來(lái)了。

　　十四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)

　　1.表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)。

　　Are you staying with us this weekend? 這周和我們一起度周末嗎?

　　We are leaving soon.我們馬上就走。

　　2.漸變動(dòng)詞，如：get，run，grow，become，begin，die

　　He is dying.他快要不行了。

　　十五、時(shí)態(tài)一致

　　1.如果從句所敘述的為真理或不變的事實(shí)，則永遠(yuǎn)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　At that time，people did not know that the earth moves.

　　在那時(shí)，人們不知道地球是運(yùn)動(dòng)的。

　　He told me last week that he is eighteen.他上周告訴我他18歲了。

　　2.賓語(yǔ)從句中的助動(dòng)詞ought，need，must，dare 時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。

　　He thought that I need not tell you the truth.他原以為我沒(méi)有必要告訴你真相。

　　十六、時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

　　時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)　every...，sometimes,at...，on Sunday

　　一般過(guò)去時(shí)　yesterday，last week，an hour ago，the other day，in 1982，just now

　　一般將來(lái)時(shí)　next...，tomorrow，in+時(shí)間

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)　for，since，so far，ever，never，just，yet，till/until，up to now，in past years，always，recently

　　過(guò)去完成時(shí)　before，by，until，when，after，once，as soon as

　　過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)　this morning，the whole morning，all day，yesterday，from nine to ten last evening...when，while

　　將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)　soon，tomorrow，this evening，on Sunday，by this time，tomorrow，in two days，tomorrow evening

　　動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　一、分類及定義

　　語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的接受者為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　1.若賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是不帶to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加“to”。此類動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞。

　　feel，hear，help，listen to，look at，make，observe，see，notice，watch

　　The teacher made me go out of the classroom.老師把我趕出了教室。→I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).我被老師趕出了教室。

　　2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.

　　煤可以用來(lái)發(fā)電以供應(yīng)工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。

　　二、功能及用法

　　1.let 的用法

　　1）當(dāng)let后只有一個(gè)單音節(jié)動(dòng)詞，變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，可用不帶to 的不定式。

　　They let the strange go.

　　The strange was let go.他們讓那個(gè)陌生人走了。

　　2)若let 后賓補(bǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，let 通常不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而用allow或permit 代替。

　　The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.

　　I was allowed/permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.護(hù)士讓我去看望在醫(yī)院的同學(xué)。

　　2.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。

　　My sister will be taken care of by grandma.我妹妹將由奶奶來(lái)照顧。

　　Such a thing has never been heard of before.那種事情以前從來(lái)沒(méi)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)。

　　3.表示“據(jù)說(shuō)”或“相信” 的詞組

　　believe，consider，declare，expect，feel，report，say，see，suppose，think，understand

　　It is said that...據(jù)說(shuō)

　　It is reported that...據(jù)報(bào)道

　　It is believed that...大家相信

　　It is hoped that...大家希望

　　It is well known that...眾所周知

　　It is thought that...大家認(rèn)為

　　It is suggested that...據(jù)建議

　　It is taken granted that...被視為當(dāng)然

　　It has been decided that...大家決定

　　It must be remembered that...務(wù)必記住的是……

　　It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.據(jù)說(shuō)她周二動(dòng)身去武漢。

　　4.不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況

　　1)不及物動(dòng)詞或某些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

　　appear，die disappear，end (vi.結(jié)束)，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，sit，spread，stand,break out，come true，fall asleep，keep silence，lose heart，take place

　　比較： rise，fall，happen是不及物動(dòng)詞；raise，seat是及物動(dòng)詞。

　　價(jià)格上漲了。

　　(錯(cuò))The price has been risen.

　　(對(duì))The price has risen.

　　事故發(fā)生在上周。

　　(錯(cuò))The accident was happened last week.

　　(對(duì)) The accident happened last week.

　　要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問(wèn)題惟有在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中多留意積累。

　　2)不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)：

　　fit，have，hold，marry，own，wish，cost，notice，watch agree with，arrive at/in，shake hands with，succeed in，suffer from，happen to，take part in，walk into，belong to

　　Your story agrees with what had already been heard.你的故事跟我們聽(tīng)到的相符。

　　3)系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

　　appear，be become，fall，feel，get，grow，keep，look，remain，seem，smell， sound，stay，taste，turn

　　It sounds good.這聽(tīng)起來(lái)不錯(cuò)。

　　4)帶同源賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞、反身代詞、相互代詞，不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

　　die，death，dream，live，life

　　She dreamed a bad dream last night.她昨天晚上做了一個(gè)噩夢(mèng)。

　　5)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)，很少用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　她喜歡游泳。

　　(對(duì))She likes to swim.

　　(錯(cuò))To swim is liked by her.

　　5.主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義

　　1) wash，clean，cook，iron，look，cut，sell，read，wear，feel，draw，write，sell，drive...

　　The book sells well.這本書銷路好。

　　This knife cuts easily.這刀子很好用。

　　2)blame，let(出租)，remain，keep，rent，build

　　I was to blame for the accident.對(duì)于這起事故我應(yīng)受責(zé)備。

　　Much work remains.還剩下好多活。

　　3)在need，require，want，worth(形容詞)，deserve后的動(dòng)名詞必須用主動(dòng)形式。

　　The door needs repairing.=The door needs to be repaired.這扇門需要修了。

　　This room needs cleaning.這房間應(yīng)該打掃一下。

　　This book is worth reading.這本書值得一讀。

　　4)特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：make sb.heard/understood(使別人能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)/理解自己)

　　have sth.done (要某人做某事)。

　　6.被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義

　　be determined，be pleased，be graduated (from)，be finished，be prepared (for)，be occupied (in)，get married

　　He is graduated from a famous university.他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。

　　注意： 表示同某人結(jié)婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。

　　He married a rich girl.

　　他娶了一個(gè)有錢的女孩。

　　He got married to a rich girl.

　　7.need/want/require/worth

　　注意：當(dāng) need，want，require，worth(形容詞)后面接doing也可以表示被動(dòng)。

　　Your hair wants cutting.你的頭發(fā)該理了。

　　The floor requires washing. 地板需要沖洗。

　　The book is worth reading.這本書值得一讀。

　　【考點(diǎn)詮釋】

　　考點(diǎn)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　1．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

　　（1）考查表示按時(shí)間表將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件

　　例1—Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 1026 _______ off at 18: 20.

　　takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken

　　【解析】飛機(jī)起非的時(shí)間是時(shí)間表上的安排，所以無(wú)論將來(lái)什么時(shí)候發(fā)生都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，答案應(yīng)是A。

　　（2）考查表示特征、能力或現(xiàn)時(shí)的情況或狀態(tài)

　　例2 This machine _______. It hasn’t worked for years.

　　A. didn’t work B. wasn’t working C. doesn’t work D. isn’t working

　　解析：機(jī)器閑置了很多年，所以現(xiàn)在的狀況也是不運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)時(shí)的狀態(tài)，故答案為C。

　　例3 The house belongs to my aunt but she _______ here any more.

　　A. hasn’t lived B. didn’t live C. had lived D. doesn’t live

　　【解析】句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故不住在這里也應(yīng)該是現(xiàn)時(shí)的情況，答案應(yīng)為D。

　　（3）考查表示普遍真理、事實(shí)

　　例4Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _______ the Pacific, and we met no storms.

　　A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called

　　【解析】盡管我們橫渡太平洋是幾個(gè)月前的事情，但是海洋的名稱是存在的事實(shí)，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，答案是B。

　　2．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　（1）考查表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的事

　　例5 I have to go to work by taxi because my car _______ at the garage.

　　A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired

　　【解析】句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，所以現(xiàn)在汽車正在被修理，故答案選C。

　　例6Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People _______ to ask how I am going to spend the money.

　　A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning

　　解析：因?yàn)槲耀@了獎(jiǎng)，所以這段時(shí)間老有人給我 打電話怎樣花這筆錢，答案應(yīng)是D。

　　（3）考查表示某個(gè)按最近的計(jì)劃或安排將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作、即將開(kāi)始或結(jié)束的動(dòng)作

　　常用的這類動(dòng)詞有：go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, give, change, fly, work等。

　　例7Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belt. The plane _______.

　　A. takes off B. is taking off

　　C. has taken off D. took off

　　解析：答案是B，用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示飛機(jī)即將起飛。

　　從歷屆高考題可以看出，命題者在選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置中注重對(duì)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)區(qū)別的考查。這兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別見(jiàn)下：

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：習(xí)慣性、永久性、客觀事實(shí)

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：暫時(shí)性、重復(fù)性、感情色彩

　　考點(diǎn)二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　1．一般過(guò)去時(shí)

　　主要考查表示過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間或某一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況

　　例8It’s said that the early European playing-cards ________ for entertainment and

　　education.

　　A. were being designed B. have designed C. have been designed D. were designed

　　【解析】句中的the early說(shuō)明以前歐洲撲克牌的設(shè)計(jì)是為了娛樂(lè)和教育，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)說(shuō)明過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，答案是D。

　　例9My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He _______ there for a few months and then went to America.

　　A. worked B. would work C. would be working D. has been working

　　【解析】此題中的two years ago說(shuō)明是發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，所以答案是A。

　　2．過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　（1）考查表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)未完成

　　例10—Has Sam finished his homework today?

　　—I have no idea. He _______ it this morning.

　　A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done

　　解析：從對(duì)話中不知道Sam有沒(méi)有完成作業(yè)，所以今天上午他正在做，正確答案為C。

　　（2）考查表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

　　例11—What were you doing when Tony phoned you?

　　—I had just finished my work and _______ take a shower. A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting

　　【解析】“我”剛剛完成手頭的工作，將要去洗澡，所以答案是D。

　　一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別如下：

　　一般過(guò)去時(shí)：完成性

　　過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：未完成

　　考點(diǎn)三、現(xiàn)成完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　1．現(xiàn)成完成時(shí)

　　（1）考查表示所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果

　　例12Although medical science _______ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning.

　　A. achieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had achieved

　　【解析】盡管句中未出現(xiàn)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，我們從句意可以判斷出醫(yī)學(xué)已經(jīng)控制住了一些危險(xiǎn)的疾病，所以答案是B。

　　（2）考查表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作

　　例13My friend, who _______ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month.

　　A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served

　　【解析】此題中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)all his life 說(shuō)明我的朋友從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在一直在奧委會(huì)工作，答案應(yīng)是D。

　　例14My brother is an actor. He _______ in several films so far.

　　A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing

　　【解析】句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)so far和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，意為“到目前為止”，所以答案是C。

　　2．現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　主要考查表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始發(fā)生，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。

　　例15Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _______ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.

　　A. had considered B. has been considering C. consider D. is going to consider