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2024屆高考英語一輪復習熱點課件:第8節 非謂語動詞高效語法

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2024屆高考英語一輪復習熱點課件:第8節 非謂語動詞高效語法

  (2)v.-ed形式可以作定語,表示被動,表示已經完成的動作;v.-ing形式的被動式也可以作定語,表示被動,但表示正在進行的動作。 The bridge being built will be important in this area's traffic. 正在建造的這座橋在該地區的交通中將起到重要作用。 The bridge built last year has played an important part in this area's traffic. 去年建造的這座橋在該地區的交通中起了重要作用。 (3)v.-ed形式可以作賓語補足語,表示被動,有時表示已經完成的動作,有時并不表示已經完成;v.-ing形式的被動式也可以作賓語補足語,表示被動,表示正在進行的動作。 I'll have my bike repaired after school. 放學后我要去修自行車。 The students found their school being decorated. 學生們發現學校正在裝修。 (4)過去分詞作表語通常表示主語所處的狀態或感受,而-ing分詞作表語多表示主語所具有的特征。英語中這樣的分詞還有很多:amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。 The children are very interested in the interesting story.

  孩子們對這個有趣的故事很感興趣。 2.動詞have后所接的3種賓語補足語:

  (1)have somebody/something do sth. 不定式作補語必須省去to, 不定式動作由賓語發出,表示一次性的動作。 I had the workers do the job for me. 我讓工人們替我完成了工作。

  (2)have somebody /something doing sth. -ing分詞作補語,分詞動作也由賓語發出,強調動作的延續或正在進行。 They had the tractor working all the time. 他們讓拖拉機一直工作著。

  (3)have somebody/something done 過去分詞作補語,賓語和補足語之間有邏輯上的被動關系,通常有兩種情況:

  ①主語讓別人做某事,強調主語的意志。 He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理發了。

  ②主語遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環境,說明賓語的一種無意識的被動行為。 He had his leg broken in the match last month. 他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿。

  3.分詞的獨立主格結構:

  分詞短語作狀語時,其邏輯主語就是句子的主語,否則,就必須在分詞前另加上自己的邏輯主語(名詞或主格代詞)的這個結構叫獨立主格結構或分詞的復合結構。

  (1)獨立主格結構常放在句首。表示時間、條件、原因時,其作用分別相當于一個時間、條件、原因狀語從句。表示伴隨方式時,相當于一個并列句。

  Supper finished (=After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic.

  吃完晚飯,我們開始討論野餐的事。

  All the tickets having been sold out (=As all the tickets having been sold out), we had to wait for the next week's show.

  所有的票都賣出去了,我們只好等著看下周的演出。

  (2)表示獨立主格結構中的being常省略。

  The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the street.

  足球賽一結束,人群便涌到大街上。

  (3)表示伴隨方式的獨立主格結構,有時可用“with+賓語+賓語補足語”的結構來替換。

  He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head).

  他雙手放在頭下,躺在那里思考著。

  The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides(=with flowers and grass growing on both sides).

  這條河看上去更加漂亮,因為兩岸長滿了鮮花和綠草。

  4.“with+賓語+賓語補足語”的結構是英語中常見的結構,其賓語補足語可以是現在分詞、過去分詞、不定式、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語等,在句中可作定語,也可作狀語,表示原因、方式等。

  The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide. 孩子們眼睛睜得大大地看著我們。

  I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up. 沒人叫我,我會錯過火車的。

  With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest.

  考試結束了,我們有一段長長的時間可以休息。

  5.垂懸結構。有些慣用的分詞短語在句子里可以沒有邏輯上的主語而獨立存在,它們往往作為句子的獨立成分來修飾全句。如: generally/strictly/roughly/ broadly/narrowly speaking, judging from/by, considering, supposing, providing, provided等。

  Talking of the computer, I like it very much. 談到電腦,我非常喜歡。

  Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning.

  考試到時間,我們已經決定明早一早出發。 Generally speaking, I like exciting sports. 一般來說,我喜歡刺激的運動。 【知識運用】填空題: 1. We are all __________ (disappoint) with the bad news. 2. With all the work __________ (do), they left for a holiday. 3. Last week, he noticed a woman __________ (rob) by a bad man. 4. I have to raise my voice to make myself __________ (hear). 5. __________ (inform) of the latest news for some times, we have to take some necessary measures. 答案: 1. disappointed  2. done  3. robbed  4. heard  5. Having been informed 1. — Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, ________ to go to university.

  — So do I.

  A. hope

  B. hopes

  C. hoping

  D. hoped 【分析】B 此題應選B,句子的真正主語是 each of the students,空格處填的 hopes 是句子謂語,其中的 working hard at his or her lessons 是插入成分修飾主語。 2. The husband advised ________ to the south, but his wife advised him ________ up the idea.

  A. moving; giving

  B. to move; to give

  C. moving; to give

  D. to move; giving 【分析】C 此題容易誤選A,因為許多學生都記住了“advise 后接動詞要用動名詞而不用不定式”這一搭配規則。但此“規則”的表述是不準確的,準確的說法應該是:advise 后接動詞作賓語時,要用動名詞,不用不定式;但若其后接的動詞前有賓語,此動詞用作賓語補足語時,則此動詞要用不定式。即說 advise doing sth.(建議做某事)或 advise sb. to do sth.(建議某人做某事)。 【分析】類似情況的還有 allow(允許),permit(允許),forbid(禁止)等動詞,即:allow doing sth. 允許做某事; allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事; permit doing sth. 允許做某事; permit sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事; forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事; forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事。順便說一句,要特別注意以上各句型后一結構的被動語態形式,如:We don't allow smoking in the lab. 我們不準在實驗室吸煙。We don't allow people to smoke in the lab. 我們不準人們在實驗室吸煙。People are not allowed to smoke in the lab. 人們不準在實驗室吸煙。綜上所述,此題答案應選C。 3. He is a man of few words, and seldom speaks until ________ to.

  A. spoken

  B. speaking

  C. speak

  D. be spoken 【分析】A 此題容易誤選B,認為until 是介詞,后接動詞時用動名詞形式。其實,此題應選A,until spoken to 為 until he is spoken to 之省略。句意“他是個沉默寡言的人,別人不和他說話,他也很少和別人說話”。按英語習慣,一些表示時間、地點、條件、方式、 讓步等的狀語從句,若其主語與主句主語一致,且從句謂語包含動詞be, 那么可將從句的主語和動詞be省略。

  4. ________ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.

  A. Found

  B. Founded

  C. Founding

  D. Being founded 【分析】B 此題應選B,但容易誤選A。比較:find 意為“發現”,其過去式和過去分詞均為 found;found意為“建立”,其過去式和過去分詞均為 founded。 5. I found I could easily make myself ________ by using sign language.

  A. understood

  B. understand

  C. to understand

  D. being understood 【分析】A 但容易誤選B,即硬套“make + 名詞或代詞 + 動詞原形”這一結構。但是對于該結構同學們忽略了一點,就是該結構中的名詞或代詞應與其后的動詞有邏輯上的主謂關系,而對于此題,myself 與其后的動詞 understand 顯然不是主謂關系,而是動賓關系,或者說是被動關系,故此時的動詞應用過去分詞表被動。

  高效語法復習篇

  第8節 非謂語動詞

  不定式

  高考湖南卷的單選題中動詞不定式必考,每年1題,總計1分。 1.只能后接不定式的動詞和短語歸納: ask, plan, intend, mean(計劃), manage, do / try one's best, make an attempt(努力), learn(學習), hope, desire, expect, long, want, would like, would prefer, wish(希望、愿意), agree, promise(同意), decide, determine, choose, make a decision, make up one's mind(決定), offer(主動提出), apply(申請), help(幫助), fail(不能、沒有), prepare(準備), pretend(假裝), refuse(拒絕), happen(碰巧), afford(負擔得起)等。 2.某些抽象名詞需要接不定式作定語。 plan, attempt, decision, determination, intention, courage, ambition, promise, chance, opportunity, right, ability, effort等。 3.序數詞和last, few等詞后常接不定式作定語。 He is always the first to come and the last to leave.

  他總是第一個來最后一個走的。 4.主動表被動的不定式。 (1)不定式to blame, to let, to seek用作表語時,通常用主動表被動意義。 Who is to blame? 該怪誰呢?

  A better way is yet to seek. 還得找一種更好的辦法。 (2)在“be +形容詞+to do”的結構中,即不定式在作表語的形容詞后充當狀語,同時,主語是不定式結構的邏輯賓語,此時習慣上以主動形式表示被動意義。這些形容詞通常有difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, enough, sure, fit, nice, dangerous, comfortable, exciting, good, important等。 The text is easy to understand. 這篇課文容易理解。 The chair is very comfortable to sit on. 這椅子坐起來很舒服。 English is easy to learn.

  英語很容易學。 He is difficult to deal with.

  他很難打交道。 (3)不定式作定語修飾名詞或代詞時(此時不定式與其所修飾的名詞或代詞之間存在動賓關系),如果句子中的另一名詞或代詞(就是句子的主語)可以充當不定式的邏輯主語,即與該不定式之間存在邏輯上的主謂關系,則此時不定式用主動形式表示被動意義。 I have a meeting to attend. 我有一個會議要參加。(其中I是不定式to attend的邏輯主語) Have you a letter to send? 你要去寄信嗎?(you是to send的邏輯主語) 但是,當不定式的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時,則不定式就需要用被動語態。 Have you a letter to be sent? 你有信要我去寄嗎?

  (該句中不定式to be sent與主句主語you之間不存在邏輯上的主謂關系。) (4)在“疑問詞what/which/whom+不定式”結構中,有時以主動形式表被動意義。 I don't know which book to choose.

  我不知道選哪本書。 (5)在“too…to…”結構中,用主動形式表示被動意義,此時不定式前面可以加邏輯主語。 The box is too heavy (for me) to carry. 這盒子太重了,搬不動。

  English is too difficult (for the old lady) to learn.

  英語(對這個老奶奶來說)很難學。

  【知識運用】填空題: 1. The little boy is hard __________ (get) along with. 2. I have a lot of things __________ (do), so I have to leave now. 3. Nobody is allowed __________ (smoke) here. 4. He got up early __________ (catch) the early bus. 5. The teacher had no choice but __________ (leave). 答案: 1. to get  2. to do  3. to smoke  4. to catch 5. to leave 1. Considering the dangerous situation, they asked for ________ another meeting.

  A. there be

  B. there to be

  C. there being

  D. there was 【分析】B 此題很容易誤選C,因為空格前有介詞 for,所以其后的 there be 的非謂語形式應用 there being,而不用 there to be。其實錯了,正確答案應是B。在通常情況下,there be 結構出現在介詞后時,要用 there being 的形式,但這有一個例外,就是在介詞 for之后只能用there to be。 2. — I haven't heard from Henry for a long time.

  — What do you suppose ________ to him?

  A. was happening

  B. to happen

  C. has happened

  D. had happened 【分析】C 此題容易誤選B,認為動詞 suppose 后接動詞用不定式。正確答案應是C,其中的 do you suppose 是插入成分。 v. -ing 形式

  高考湖南卷的單選題中v.-ing形式必考,每年1題,總計1分。

  1.只接v.-ing形式作賓語的動詞或短語:

  can't help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to等。 2.既可以接不定式,又可以接v.-ing形式的有: (1)意義基本相同。begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具體的動作,接動名詞多指一般或習慣行為)。 (2)意義相反。stop to do 停止手中事,去做另一件事;stop doing 停止正在做的事。 (3)意義不同。 remember/forget/regret to do(指動作尚未發生); remember/forget/regret doing(指動作已經發生) go on to do(接著做另外一件事); go on doing(接著做同一件事) try to do(設法,努力去做,盡力);try doing(試著去做,看有何結果) mean to do(打算做,企圖做);mean doing (意思是,意味著) can't help to do(不能幫忙做);can't help doing(忍不住要做)

  3.不定式與v.-ing形式用法比較 (1)v.-ing形式著重進程;不定式著重結果。 He has been trying to solve the problem. 他一直在設法解決這一問題。 Your work needs correcting. 你寫的東西需要修改。 (2)v.-ing形式表示一般或抽象的多次性行為;而不定式則往往表示具體的或一次性的動作。 To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火會發生危險。 Teaching is my job, and to teach the kid is my task this afternoon. 教書是我的工作,今天下午去教那個孩子是我的任務。 (3)有的動詞其后接v.-ing形式表示已完成的動作;不定式則表示未完成的動作。 I remember closing the window. 我記得把窗戶關上了。 Remember to close the window. 記著要關窗戶。 (4)v.-ing形式的邏輯主語可能泛指“人們”;而不定式的邏輯主語則常常是句子中的名詞或代詞。 I hate working on Sundays. 我討厭星期日上班。 I hate to smoke. 我討厭抽煙。

  4.注意某些短語中的to不是不定式符號,而是介詞,后面應該接v.-ing形式(請參閱介詞講解部分)。 【知識運用】填空題: 1. The holiday is coming and we are all looking forward to __________ (go) for an outing. 2. The story of the famous writer is very __________ (interest). 3. He hated __________ (laugh) at in public. 4. __________ (teach) is a job which requires patience. 5. With his hard work, he succeeded in __________ (work) out the problem.

  答案: 1. going  2. interesting  3. being laughed 4. Teaching  5. working v. -ed 形式

  高考湖南卷的單選題中v.-ed形式必考,每年1題,總計1分。

  1.v.-ing形式與v.-ed形式的用法比較:

  (1)在時間上v.-ing形式一般表示正在進行的動作;v.-ed形式則往往表示已經完成的動作。

  This is Mr. Smith speaking.

  我是史密斯先生。

  This machine part is broken.

  這個機器零件壞了。

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