We all know something about Copernicus. He was one of the first scientists to use mathematical observations to collect information. He believed the sun is the center of the universe and the earth and other planets goes around it.

　　3. Copernicus didn’t show his new theory

　　to his friends until he completed it.

　　4. His friends were not interested in his

　　ideas. * Preview

　　Exx 1 &2 in Handout

　　No 7 Nicolaus Copernicus Copernicus' Revolutionary Theory Nicolaus Copernicus

　　born: in Poland in 1473

　　died : May 24, 1543

　　He was one of the first scientists to use mathematical observations to collect information. He believed the sun is the center of the universe and the earth and other planets goes around it. 全部參與，討論高效，每個同學都能談出符合自己目前水平的看法。 目標 1.小組討論，小組長首先安排任務先一對一分層

　　討論，再小組內集中討論。 2.討論時，筆不離手、隨時記錄，爭取在討論時就能將錯題解決。 3. 在課文中畫出與true or false 題相關的句子。 要求 認真閱讀課文，探討“探究案”中的I,II題。 內容

　　At Copernicus’ time, Christian Church

　　was in charge of many western

　　countries. T Read the passage quickly, and tell whether the following statements are true or false. T F 2. Copernicus noticed that observed from the earth, some planets appears in front of or behind the earth. F 5. Since he was not afraid of being attacked by the Church, Copernicus published his book as soon as he finished working on it.

　　6. Newton, Einstein, and Hawking are all scientists who made contribution to the study of the universe.

　　F T Skim the text and draw the two theories of the universe with the following pictures. Sun earth Before Copernicus’ theory

　　Showing Copernicus’ theory Reading and drawing Sun earth Before Copernicus’ theory

　　Showing Copernicus’ theory Sun earth earth Sun

　　Showing Copernicus’ theory

　　A diagram showing the solar system with the earth at its centre

　　A diagram showing the solar system with the sun at its centre

　　Before Copernicus’ theory

　　Read the text carefully, then answer these questions. Careful reading Because the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea 2. What was his theory about? (Para 1)

　　All his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. 1. Why could he not tell about his theory? (Para 1) 3. What had the astronomers noticed in the sky? (Para 2)

　　They had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. 4. When did Copernicus complete his theory?

　　(Para 3) Between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it,

　　gradually improving his theory until he felt it

　　was complete.

　　5. How did he explain changes in the movement of the

　　planets and in the brightness of the stars? When did he

　　publish his idea? (Para 4)

　　He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round it

　　and this explain changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars.

　　He published his idea as he lay dying in 1543.

　　6. Why do people think that there is a direct link between his ideas and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking?

　　Because his theory is now the base on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe, He showed this was obviously wrong. 單詞： 1. contribute vt. 1. Everyone is willing to contribute food and clothing

　　to the homeless people. 2. Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health. [點撥]contribute v.____________________，如句1； contribute to_______________

　　如句2 。 [拓展] contribution n. 貢獻； 捐款 make a contribution/contributions to對……作出貢獻 They have made outstanding contributions

　　to the world peace. 捐獻 有助于，歸于 2. cautious

　　adj.　小心的；謹慎的 常用結構：be cautious about/of (doing) sth.對……小心謹慎 His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas，but Copernicus was cautious. [小試] 完成句子 她十分謹慎，生怕傷害他的感情。

　　She ______ _______ ________ ________

　　hurting his feelings. is

　　very

　　cautious

　　about 3. enthusiastic

　　adj.　熱情的；熱心的 常用結構：

　　be enthusiastic about/over... 對……熱情/熱心

　　She is enthusiastic about singing.

　　4. reject

　　vt. [觀察] 1. She rejected my suggestion. 2. Choose the good apples and reject the bad ones. [點撥] reject v____________，如句1；

　　__________________， 如句2。 拒絕 拋棄 1. apart from

　　閱讀下列各句，并觀察apart from在句中的含義。 1. Good work, apart from a few slight faults. 2. Apart from that, all goes well. 3. Apart from a flat tyre, we had faulty brakes. 4. Apart from being fun and good exercise, swimming is a very useful skill. [點撥] apart from表示“排除或例外”，具有except, except for的含義，如句____；表示“包括”，相當于besides, in addition to, as well as，如句______。 1,2 3,4 [小試] 把下列句子翻譯成英語。 1. 除了最后一道題，我全做完了。

　　2. 除了閱讀之外，她還喜愛運動和音樂。_ I have finished apart from the last one. Apart from reading, she also loves

　　exercise and music. 2. make sense　講得通；有意義 (主語通常不是表示“人”的名詞) Only if you put the sun there did the

　　movements of the other planets in the sky

　　make sense.(教材P7) 常用結構： (1)make sense of意為：______________ Can you make sense of what the writer is saying? (2)There’s no sense in doing sth.

　　意為：__________________ (3) in a sense

　　意為：__________________ You are right in a sense，but you don’t know all the facts.

　　理解 干......沒意義 從某個角度，在某種意義上 句子： 1. Only if you put the sun there

　　did the movements of the other planets

　　in the sky make sense. [點撥] 這是一個倒裝句，only＋狀語或狀語 從句放于句首要使用部分倒裝，即把助 動詞、情態動詞或系動詞be放在主語之前。 Only by working hard can we succeed.

　　[辨析] only if，if only (1)only if表示“只有”，引導條件狀語從句， 放在句首、句末均可。 (2)if only表示“如果……就好了”， 引導虛擬條件句。 You will pass the exam

　　only if you study hard.

　　If only I were younger！ [小試] __you eat the correct foods_____ be able to keep fit and stay healthy. A．Only if；will you

　　B．Only if；you will

　　C．Unless；will you

　　D．Unless；you will A 2. Although he had tried to ignore them,

　　all his mathematical calculations led to

　　the same conclusion: that the earth was not

　　the center of the solar system.

　　[翻譯] ____________________ [點撥] 此句是一個復合句。主句是 all his mathematical calculations led to the same

　　conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system；從句是Although引導的 讓步狀語從句。此外，主句中又包含一個that引導的 同位語從句，說明conclusion的內容。

　　*

　　* *

　　We all know something about Copernicus. He was one of the first scientists to use mathematical observations to collect information. He believed the sun is the center of the universe and the earth and other planets goes around it.

　　3. Copernicus didn’t show his new theory

　　to his friends until he completed it.

　　4. His friends were not interested in his

　　ideas. * Preview

　　Exx 1 &2 in Handout

　　No 7 Nicolaus Copernicus Copernicus' Revolutionary Theory Nicolaus Copernicus

　　born: in Poland in 1473

　　died : May 24, 1543

　　He was one of the first scientists to use mathematical observations to collect information. He believed the sun is the center of the universe and the earth and other planets goes around it. 全部參與，討論高效，每個同學都能談出符合自己目前水平的看法。 目標 1.小組討論，小組長首先安排任務先一對一分層

　　討論，再小組內集中討論。 2.討論時，筆不離手、隨時記錄，爭取在討論時就能將錯題解決。 3. 在課文中畫出與true or false 題相關的句子。 要求 認真閱讀課文，探討“探究案”中的I,II題。 內容

　　At Copernicus’ time, Christian Church

　　was in charge of many western

　　countries. T Read the passage quickly, and tell whether the following statements are true or false. T F 2. Copernicus noticed that observed from the earth, some planets appears in front of or behind the earth. F 5. Since he was not afraid of being attacked by the Church, Copernicus published his book as soon as he finished working on it.

　　6. Newton, Einstein, and Hawking are all scientists who made contribution to the study of the universe.

　　F T Skim the text and draw the two theories of the universe with the following pictures. Sun earth Before Copernicus’ theory

　　Showing Copernicus’ theory Reading and drawing Sun earth Before Copernicus’ theory

　　Showing Copernicus’ theory Sun earth earth Sun

　　Showing Copernicus’ theory

　　A diagram showing the solar system with the earth at its centre

　　A diagram showing the solar system with the sun at its centre

　　Before Copernicus’ theory

　　Read the text carefully, then answer these questions. Careful reading Because the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea 2. What was his theory about? (Para 1)

　　All his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. 1. Why could he not tell about his theory? (Para 1) 3. What had the astronomers noticed in the sky? (Para 2)

　　They had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. 4. When did Copernicus complete his theory?

　　(Para 3) Between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it,

　　gradually improving his theory until he felt it

　　was complete.

　　5. How did he explain changes in the movement of the

　　planets and in the brightness of the stars? When did he

　　publish his idea? (Para 4)

　　He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round it

　　and this explain changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars.

　　He published his idea as he lay dying in 1543.

　　6. Why do people think that there is a direct link between his ideas and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking?

　　Because his theory is now the base on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe, He showed this was obviously wrong. 單詞： 1. contribute vt. 1. Everyone is willing to contribute food and clothing

　　to the homeless people. 2. Plenty of fresh air contributes to good health. [點撥]contribute v.____________________，如句1； contribute to_______________

　　如句2 。 [拓展] contribution n. 貢獻； 捐款 make a contribution/contributions to對……作出貢獻 They have made outstanding contributions

　　to the world peace. 捐獻 有助于，歸于 2. cautious

　　adj.　小心的；謹慎的 常用結構：be cautious about/of (doing) sth.對……小心謹慎 His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas，but Copernicus was cautious. [小試] 完成句子 她十分謹慎，生怕傷害他的感情。

　　She ______ _______ ________ ________

　　hurting his feelings. is

　　very

　　cautious

　　about 3. enthusiastic

　　adj.　熱情的；熱心的 常用結構：

　　be enthusiastic about/over... 對……熱情/熱心

　　She is enthusiastic about singing.

　　4. reject

　　vt. [觀察] 1. She rejected my suggestion. 2. Choose the good apples and reject the bad ones. [點撥] reject v____________，如句1；

　　__________________， 如句2。 拒絕 拋棄 1. apart from

　　閱讀下列各句，并觀察apart from在句中的含義。 1. Good work, apart from a few slight faults. 2. Apart from that, all goes well. 3. Apart from a flat tyre, we had faulty brakes. 4. Apart from being fun and good exercise, swimming is a very useful skill. [點撥] apart from表示“排除或例外”，具有except, except for的含義，如句____；表示“包括”，相當于besides, in addition to, as well as，如句______。 1,2 3,4 [小試] 把下列句子翻譯成英語。 1. 除了最后一道題，我全做完了。

　　2. 除了閱讀之外，她還喜愛運動和音樂。_ I have finished apart from the last one. Apart from reading, she also loves

　　exercise and music. 2. make sense　講得通；有意義 (主語通常不是表示“人”的名詞) Only if you put the sun there did the

　　movements of the other planets in the sky

　　make sense.(教材P7) 常用結構： (1)make sense of意為：______________ Can you make sense of what the writer is saying? (2)There’s no sense in doing sth.

　　意為：__________________ (3) in a sense

　　意為：__________________ You are right in a sense，but you don’t know all the facts.

　　理解 干......沒意義 從某個角度，在某種意義上 句子： 1. Only if you put the sun there

　　did the movements of the other planets

　　in the sky make sense. [點撥] 這是一個倒裝句，only＋狀語或狀語 從句放于句首要使用部分倒裝，即把助 動詞、情態動詞或系動詞be放在主語之前。 Only by working hard can we succeed.

　　[辨析] only if，if only (1)only if表示“只有”，引導條件狀語從句， 放在句首、句末均可。 (2)if only表示“如果……就好了”， 引導虛擬條件句。 You will pass the exam

　　only if you study hard.

　　If only I were younger！ [小試] __you eat the correct foods_____ be able to keep fit and stay healthy. A．Only if；will you

　　B．Only if；you will

　　C．Unless；will you

　　D．Unless；you will A 2. Although he had tried to ignore them,

　　all his mathematical calculations led to

　　the same conclusion: that the earth was not

　　the center of the solar system.

　　[翻譯] ____________________ [點撥] 此句是一個復合句。主句是 all his mathematical calculations led to the same

　　conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system；從句是Although引導的 讓步狀語從句。此外，主句中又包含一個that引導的 同位語從句，說明conclusion的內容。

　　*

　　* *