初升高英語銜接班第2講
初升高英語銜接班第2講
初升高英語銜接班第2講
一. 本周教學內容
初升高英語銜接班第2講
初中基礎知識疏理(2)
二. 重、難點
有關簡單句、復合句及并列句的知識疏理:
1. 簡單句:
(1)定義:只有一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)的句子叫簡單句,如:We learn English . 我們學英語。(一個主語和一個謂語)
Both Xiao Zhang and Xiao Wang are from Beijing .
小張和小王都是北京人。(一個并列主語和一個謂語)
He once lived and worked here .
他曾經在這里居住和工作過。(一個主語和一個并列謂語)
My father and mother go to work at seven in the morning and come back home at eight in the evening .
我父母早上七點上班,晚上八點回家。(一個并列主語和一個并列謂語)
(2)分類:上次我們對簡單句按照句子基本結構分出的5種類型做了闡述;另外,根據句子的功能或使用目的,簡單句可分四類:陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句。
2. 并列句:
(1)定義:用并列連接詞連接起來的兩個或兩個以上簡單句叫做并列句。
(2)并列句的構成:簡單句+連接詞+簡單句
(3)連接并列句常用的連接詞:and , but , or , so , not only but also , however , neithernor , eitheror , still等。
eg.
I help her and she helps me . 我幫她,她幫我。
He is very old but he is in good health . 他年紀很大了,但他身體很好。
We must hurry or we'll be late . 我們得趕快走,不然就晚了。
This girl did her work carefully , so she never made any mistakes .
這個姑娘工作認真,從不出差錯。
Jim not only wrote to me last week but also came to see me yesterday .
吉姆上星期不但寫信給我,而且昨天還來看過我。
Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory .
理論沒有實踐不行,實踐沒有理論也不行。
Either he is to blame or I am . 不是他該受責備,就是我該受責備。
注意:連接詞so除起連接并列句作用外,兼有結果意味;有時so在后一句中代替前一句中某一句中成分。例如:
He can swim , so can I . 他會游泳,我也會。(so代替swim)
Iron is a kind of matter , so are water and air .
鐵是一種物質,水和空氣也是物質。(so在后一句中起表語作用)
3. 主從復合句
(1)定義:主從復合句是由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成的。主句是句子的主體,從句可視作句子的一個成分。從句在主從復合句中可起主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語作用。從句在全句中起什么作用,就叫什么從句。
(2)狀語從句:狀語從句在句中起狀語作用,修飾主句中的謂語動詞、形容詞或副詞。在初中階段我們主要學習了以下幾種狀語從句:
① 時間狀語從句:常見引導詞:when(當時),as(一邊一邊,當時),while(在過程中),before(在以前),after(在之后),since(自從以來),till(until)(直到,直到才),as soon as(一就)等。
進入高中階段之后,我們還會再見到另外一些常用的連接詞。在由以上連接詞或詞組連接的主從復合句中,主句謂語動詞所表示的動作和從句謂語動詞所表示的動作有時是同時發生、有時是先后發生。因此,在理解和運用帶時間狀語從句的主從復合句時,要根據連接詞所表示的不同時間意義,特別注意主句和從句的謂語動詞的時態。這是掌握時間狀語從句的關鍵。
② 原因狀語從句:常由because(因為),since(既然),as(由于)等連接詞引導。
eg.
He didn't hear the knocking at the door because he was listening to the radio .
他沒聽見敲門聲,因為他正在聽收音機。
Since you are free today , you had better help me with my English .
既然你今天休息,你最好幫我學習英語。
As the day was fine , they decided to go on a trip .
由于天氣好,他們決定作一次短途旅行。
③ 地點狀語從句:
常由where(在地方),wherever(無論在哪兒)等連接詞引導。
如:
I'll go where work conditions are difficult . 我愿意到工作條件困難的地方去。
Wherever you are , you should work for the people heart and soul .
無論你在哪里工作,你都應該全心全意為人民服務。
④ 條件狀語從句:常由if(假如,如果),unless(除非)等連接詞或連接詞組引導。如:
If I go to the Great Wall tomorrow , would you like to come along ?
如果明天我去長城,你會和我一起去嗎?
He is sure to come unless he has some urgent work to do at home .
除非他家里有急事要辦,不然他一定會來的。
⑤ 比較或方式狀語從句:常由asas(像一樣),than(比),thethe(越就越),as(正如),as if(似乎,好象)等引導。如:
I know you better than she does . 我比她更了解你。
The more you practice , the more knowledge you will get . 你實踐得越多,你得到的知識就越多。
You should study English as hard as Mary does .
你應該像瑪麗那樣努力學習英語。
The old man runs very fast as if he were a young man .
這位老人跑得很快,簡單像個年輕人。(在以as if連接的從句中,謂語動詞用過去式,系動詞were可用于所有人稱,表示虛擬語氣,而不是真實情況。)
⑥ 目的狀語從句:常由so(使得),that(以便),so that(為了,使得),in order that(這樣就)等來引導。如:
They set out early that they might arrive at the station in time .
他們很早出發,以便及時趕到車站。
She takes notes carefully in class so that she may use them when she reviews her lessons after class . 她在課上認真記筆記,以便能在課下利用它們復習功課。
⑦ 結果狀語從句:常由so(結果),so that(結果),sothat(suchthat)(如此以致)等連接詞引導。如:
Everybody lent a hand , so the work was done in time . 人人幫忙,結果工作及時完成。
He finished his homework so well that his teacher praised him in class .
他作業完成得很好,結果他的老師在班上表揚了他。
The film was so interesting that I enjoyed it very much .
這部電影這么有趣(以致于)我非常喜歡它。
It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it away . 這是一個很重的箱子,誰也搬不走。
⑧ 讓步狀語從句:常由though(although)(雖然但),even if(即使),however(不管怎樣),whatever(無論什么),no matter how(who)(不管多么)(無論誰)等連接詞或連接詞組引導。如:
He went to school , though he was ill . 雖然他病了,但還是去上學了。(注意:有(al)though的句子,就有雖但是的含義,不能在主句中用but,但可接yet,still等。)
She carried on the job even if she had a bad cold . 即使她患了重感冒,她還是堅持工作。
However much I tried , I failed to work out the maths problem .
無論我怎么做,都算不出這道數學題來。
Whatever you say , I will not change my mind . 不論你怎么說,我都不會改變主意。
He keeps taking physical training in winter no matter how cold it is .
不論天氣多冷,他都堅持在冬天進行體育鍛煉。
No matter who asks her for help , she is ready to help . 無論誰請她幫忙,她都愿意幫助。
(3)定語從句:
在復合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞,定語從句必須放在先行詞之后。
引導定語從句的關系代詞有who , whom , whose , which , that等。這些是我們在初中已學習過的,對于它們的用法已經在以前的講解中多次提到過,主要掌握它們指代人還是物,在句中可以充當什么成分。
引導定語從句的關系副詞有where , when , why等,這些是高中要學習的內容,在后面的講解中我們會滲透其用法及定語從句其他內容。
(4)名詞性從句:
在主從復合句中,從句可以起主句的主語、表語、賓語或同位語作用在多數情況下,這四種句子成分由名詞性詞類充當,所以起這四種成分作用的從句統稱為名詞性從句。
引導名詞性從句的關聯詞有:連接詞that , whether , if;疑問代詞who , what , which , whose;疑問副詞when , where , how , why等。在這四種從句中,我們已學過的是賓語從句,其他三種在課文中偶爾出現過,只要求理解,賓語從句是必須掌握的內容,對于它的三要素也已多次復習過,請同學們認真學習并將有關練習題做好,為今后學習其他三種名詞性從句打好基礎。
【模擬試題】
主從復合句(一)
賓語從句:
1. She said she would leave the message on the headmaster's desk .
A. that B. where C. which D. what
2. Could you tell me ? I'm his old friend .
A. where does Jim live B. when will Jim come back
C. where Jim has gone D. how is Jim
3. I'm sorry I can't decide to do .
A. what B. how C. when D. where
4. I want to know Mother has put the presents round the Christmas tree .
A. when B. where C. whether D. that
5. He hasn't decide .
A. if he'll go on a trip to Hainan B. when will he go on a trip to Hainan
C. if he goes on a trip to Hainan D. when does he go on a trip to Hainan
6. Do you know the population of Shenyang ?
A. what is B. how much is C. what are D. how many are
7. I don't know when . When he , I'll let you know .
A. will he come , will come B. he will come , comes
C. he comes , will come D. does he come , comes
8. Do you know if back next week ? If he back , please let me know .
A. he comes , will come B. will he come , comes
C. he will come , comes D. will he come , will come
9. -Can you guess if they to play basketball with us ?
-I think they will come if they free .
A. come , are B. will come , will be C. will come , are D. come , will be
10. -Do you know ? I'm going to see him .
-Sorry , I don't know .
A. where does Mr. Li live B. where did Mr. Li live
C. where Mr. Li lives D. where Mr. Li lived
11. Could you tell me ?
A. when shall we start B. who are you waiting for
C. where the bus station is D. why were you late
12. -What did your son say in the letter ?
-He told me that he the Disney World the next day .
A. will visit B. has visited C. is going to visit D. would visit
13. You must remember .
A. what your teacher said B. what did your teacher say
C. your teacher said what D. what has your teacher said
14. In the bookshop , a reader asked the shopkeeper Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book .
A. that B. how C. what D. if
15. -Excuse me . Could you tell me get to the plane ?
-Certainly . Go straight along here .
A. how can we B. how we can C. when can we D. when we can
16. -Be careful ! Don't break the bottles . Do you hear I said , David ?
-Yes , mum .
A. what B. that C. why D. if
17. -Do you know ?
-He's Tom's father .
A. who is he B. what he is C. what's he D. who he is
18. I'd like to know .
A. when will he give back the tape
B. whether has he received higher education
C. that he has been busy
D. whether she will join in our English Evening
19. The students are studying hard , for they know .
A. what are they studying for B. what are they studying
C. what they are studying for D. why they are studying for
20. Will you please tell me ?
A. where Pudong Airport is B. how far Pudong Airport was
C. how can we get to Pudong Airport D. when was Pudong Airport built
21. -Where does he come from ?
-Pardon ?
-I asked where .
A. did he come from B. he came from
C. he comes from D. does he come from
22. Do you think an English film tomorrow night ?
A. is there B. there is going to have
C. there is going to be D. will there be
23. He told me a new bridge in his village the next year .
A. built B. will build C. will be built D. would be built
24. She said she hoped her soon .
A. him to see B. he would see C. him seeing D. he is seeing
主從復合句(二)
狀語從句:
1. The mountain was steep few people in our city reached the top .
A. so , as B. so , that C. as , as D. too , to
2. Time passed quickly and three months went by we knew it .
A. when B. after C. before D. till
3. -What are you going to do in the future ?
-I'd like to be a doctor you are .
A. so B. as C. what D. when
4. He wait until the rain .
A. won't , will stop B. won't , stop C. will , stops D. will , will stop
5. Although I the truck for half a year , it still looks new .
A. have bought B. bought C. have had D. had
6. -Is David at school today ?
-No . He is at home he has a bad cold .
A. because B. if C. though D. until
7. We'll climb Qianling Hills if it next Sunday .
A. won't rain B. rain C. rainy D. doesn't rain
8. Jim has been in the factory for two years he left school .
A. when B. since C. as soon as D. whether
9. he's very young , he knows several languages .
A. Though , but B. Because , so C. Though , / D. Because , /
10. I was cleaning my room Tom called me .
A. when B. until C. while D. if
