Solar Power without Solar Cells

　　A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.

　　The researchers found a way to make an optical 51 , said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.

　　Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the 52 of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 53 expected. 54 these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.

　　This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation, Rand said. In solar cells, the 55 goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power 56 What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of optical rectification, says William Fisher, a doctoral student in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, lights electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 57 of the positive and negative charges in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to 58 in a battery.

　　Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the lights magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through a 59 that does not 60 electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter. Sunlight isnt this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.

　　In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light like sunlight is theoretically almost as. 61 in producing charge separation as laser light is, Fisher said.

　　This new 62 could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 63 solar power to useable energy. Thats equivalent to todays commercial-grade solar cells.

　　To manufacture 64 solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing, Fisher said. All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for 65 . Its already made in bulk, and it doesnt require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better.

　　51. A. microscope B. instrument C. fiber D. battery

　　52. A. modifications B. effects C. applications D. results

　　53. A. frequently B. privately C. previously D. formally

　　54. A. Under B. At C. On D. Over

　　55. A. light B. electricity C. chemical D. magnetism

　　56. A. plant B. equipment C. source D. line

　　57. A. down B. up C. together D. apart

　　58. A. this B. that C. those D. it

　　59. A. material B. lens C. meter D. detector

　　60. A. produce B. convey C. use D. conduct

　　61.A. remote B. poor C. effective D. rare

　　62. A. prototype B. skill C. technique D. miracle

　　63. A. converting B. obtaining C. delivering D. transmitting

　　64. A. compact B. modern C. durable D. handy

　　65. A. others B. some C. all D. both

　　參考答案：

　　51-55 DBCAA

　　56-60 CD BAD

　　61-65 CCABD

　　Solar Power without Solar Cells

　　A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.

　　The researchers found a way to make an optical 51 , said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.

　　Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the 52 of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 53 expected. 54 these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.

　　This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation, Rand said. In solar cells, the 55 goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power 56 What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of optical rectification, says William Fisher, a doctoral student in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, lights electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 57 of the positive and negative charges in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to 58 in a battery.

　　Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the lights magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through a 59 that does not 60 electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter. Sunlight isnt this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.

　　In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light like sunlight is theoretically almost as. 61 in producing charge separation as laser light is, Fisher said.

　　This new 62 could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 63 solar power to useable energy. Thats equivalent to todays commercial-grade solar cells.

　　To manufacture 64 solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing, Fisher said. All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for 65 . Its already made in bulk, and it doesnt require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better.

　　51. A. microscope B. instrument C. fiber D. battery

　　52. A. modifications B. effects C. applications D. results

　　53. A. frequently B. privately C. previously D. formally

　　54. A. Under B. At C. On D. Over

　　55. A. light B. electricity C. chemical D. magnetism

　　56. A. plant B. equipment C. source D. line

　　57. A. down B. up C. together D. apart

　　58. A. this B. that C. those D. it

　　59. A. material B. lens C. meter D. detector

　　60. A. produce B. convey C. use D. conduct

　　61.A. remote B. poor C. effective D. rare

　　62. A. prototype B. skill C. technique D. miracle

　　63. A. converting B. obtaining C. delivering D. transmitting

　　64. A. compact B. modern C. durable D. handy

　　65. A. others B. some C. all D. both

　　參考答案：

　　51-55 DBCAA

　　56-60 CD BAD

　　61-65 CCABD