定語從句

　　定義

　　I. 定語從句起形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔當一個成分，并與先行詞保持數的一致。

　　關系詞 先行詞 從句成分 例句 備注

　　關系代詞 who 人 主語 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時，常可以省略，但介詞提前時后面關系代詞不能省略，也不可以用that

　　whom 人 賓語 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working

　　The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..

　　whose 人，物 定語 I like those books whose topics are about history.

　　The boy whose father works abroad is my desk mate.

　　that 人，物 主語賓語 A plane is a machine that can fly.

　　She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.

　　which 物 主語賓語 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.

　　The picture which was about the accident was terrible.

　　as 人，物 主語賓語 He is such a person as is respected by all of us.

　　This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.

　　as做賓語一般不省略

　　關系副詞 when 時間 時間狀語 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用on which

　　where 地點 地點狀語 This is the house where I was born. 可用in which

　　why 原因 原因狀語 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 可用for which

　　. as與which的區別：

　　定語從句 區別 例句

　　限制性定語從句中 名詞前有such和the same修飾時，關系代詞用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks.

　　Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.

　　非限制性定語從句中 as和which都可以指代前面整個主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected.

　　They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.

　　As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.

　　Ⅲ. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別：

　　類別 語法意義及特征 例句

　　限制性定語從句 對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關系十分密切，寫時不用逗號分開。 The accident happened at the time when I left.

　　非限制性定語從句對先行詞作附加的說明，與主句的關系不十分密切，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開，相當于一個插入語，不能用that引導，關系代詞做賓語時也不能省略。 His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.

　　一、考點聚焦

　　1、功能：相當于形容詞，修飾名詞或代詞，在句中作定語

　　2、位置：定語從句置于被修飾詞之后

　　Those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please.

　　3、先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞稱為先行詞

　　（1）先行詞一般是名詞和不定代詞，如:some-, any-, every-和no與-boy, -thing的合成詞；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代詞。數詞也可以作先行詞，人稱代詞也同樣可作先行詞。

　　（2）先行詞與關系詞是等量關系。必須注意兩點：

　　①先行詞在從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的數由先行詞而定。

　　This is the place which is worth visiting.

　　②關系詞在從句句子中充當了成分，其意思就是先行詞的意義，所以在從句中不能重復其意。

　　There are many places we can visit（them）in China.

　　4、關系詞：引導定語從句的都稱關系詞

　　關系代詞：who, whom, which, that, whose, as。

　　關系副詞：when, where, why。that偶爾也作關系副詞。

　　5、確定關系詞的步驟

　　（1）先找關系詞，看先行詞指的是什么。

　　（2）看關系詞在從句中所充當的成分。

　　6、在定語從句中，當先行詞指物時，下列情況的關系詞宜用that而不用which

　　（1）先行詞被①形容詞最高級 ②序數詞 ③數詞幾種詞修飾或被 ④only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修飾時。

　　（2）先行詞為all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代詞時。

　　（3）先行詞中既有人又有物時。

　　He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.

　　（4）先行詞在主句中作表語關系詞在從句中作表語時。

　　The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.

　　（5）當主句中含有疑問詞which時。

　　Which are the books that you bought for me ?

　　7、宜用which而不用that的情況

　　（1）在非限制性定語從句中

　　（2）在關系詞前有介詞時

　　（3）當先行詞本身是that時

　　（4）當關系詞離先行詞較遠時

　　8、關系詞who與that指人時，也有不同情況分別用不同的關系詞

　　（1）當主句是there be句型時，關系詞用who。

　　（2）先行詞是為anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等詞時，關系詞用who。

　　（3）當主句是who作疑問詞時，關系詞用that。

　　Who is that girl that is standing by the window?

　　（4）whom在從句中只作賓語，可被who取代。

　　9、whose作關系詞既指人又指物，在從句中作定語。如：

　　Do you know Mr. Smith whose story is very moving?

　　There is a room, whose window faces the river.

　　There is a room, the window of which faces the river.

　　10、關系代詞as,在從句中作主語、賓語和表語。

　　（1）先行詞被such和the same修飾，或句型as many（much）中，從句都用as 引導。

　　Such books as you bought are useful.

　　The school is just the same as it was 10 years age.

　　注意：區別①such … that … 引導的結果狀語從句。They are suchlovely children that we love them much　.②the same … that … 引導定語從句。I want to use the same tool that you used just now.

　　（2）無先行詞的定語從句用as和which引導。

　　區別：①意義上：as 含有“這點正如……一樣”。②位置上：as 從句可置句首，也可在另處。

　　He didn’t pass the exam, as we had expected.

　　There is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out.

　　As is known, the earth is round, not flat.

　　11、關系副詞when與where、why、that

　　when 指時間 = in / at / on / during which

　　where指地點 = in / at / from / which

　　why指原因 = for which

　　當先行詞為way、day、reason、time時，可用that作關系副詞。（非正式場合）

　　I don’t like the way that / in which / he talks.

　　當time作先行詞時，關系詞可以省掉。

　　This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French.

　　12、必須注意的問題

　　（1）關系詞作主語時，從句中謂語的數。

　　（2）注意區別定語從句與強調句。

　　①定語從句中關系詞作從句成分，復合句。

　　②強調it無意義，that / who不是引導詞。

　　③強調it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思講得通則是強調句，講不通則不是。

　　It is the museum that / which we visited last year.(定語從句)

　　It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（強調句）

　　（3）定語從句與同位語從句的區別。

　　①定語從句引導詞被稱為關系詞，that充當主語、賓語、表語。有時可省略。

　　②同位語從句引導詞被叫做連詞，that不能充當任何成分，不可省。

　　Word came that their army was defeated.(同位語)

　　We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定語)

　　（4）關系詞在從句中省略的情況。

　　①關系詞作賓語，前無介詞時。

　　②關系詞作表語。

　　（5）限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的翻譯。

　　（6）關系詞前有介詞或復雜介詞，關系詞只能是which和whom。

　　（7）幾個特殊的定語從句句型：

　　①He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.（句中one為先行詞）

　　He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中students為先行詞）

　　②Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterdayIs this the place (that / which) we visited yesterday?

　　③He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.

　　④It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.

　　二、精典名題導解

　　1. The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.（NMET 2001）

　　A. until

　　B. that

　　C. when

　　D. where

　　解析：答案為C。本題考查分隔定語從句的關系詞的選擇。作好本題的關鍵是要能辨認出該定語從句的先行詞the hours和關系詞被介詞短語to me所分隔。定語從句的先行詞是表時間的名詞hours, 并且關系詞在從句中用作狀語，故應選擇表示時間的關系副詞when。

　　2. ___________ is known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month.(NMET

　　2001)

　　A. It

　　B. As

　　C. That

　　D. What

　　解析：答案為B。本題考查as引導的非限制定語從句。as作“正如……”解時，引導的非限制性定語從句來修飾整個句子。當as在從句中作主語時，常用于下列短語：as is known、as is said、as is reported、as is announced等。要注意掌握作關系代詞引導定語從句的用法。

　　3. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ___________ he grew up as a child.(NMET

　　1996)

　　A. which

　　B. where

　　C. that

　　D. when

　　解析：答案為B。本題考查限制性定語從句中關系詞的選擇。定語從句的先行詞是表示地點的名詞短語the small town, 且關系詞不作定語從句中的主語和賓語而作地點狀語，因此定語從句必須用關系副詞where引導。要注意分清先行詞在從句中充當的成分，然后選擇適當的關系詞。

　　一．改錯

　　1. I’m using the pen which he bought it yesterday.

　　2. Is that factory which your father once worked in?

　　3. The man whom I spoke is from Canada.

　　4. July 1,1999 is the day when we’ll never forget.

　　5. I still remember the holidays I stayed with them.

　　6. I’m going to work in the hospital where needs me.

　　7. Those that haven’t been to the West Lake will gather at the school gate.

　　8. I don’t like the way which you talked to your friend.

　　9. This is the last time when I’ve given you lessons.

　　10. Soon they came to a farm house, and in front of which sat a small boy.

　　11. We heard the news which our team won the game.

　　12. The reason which he explained it sounds reasonable.

　　13. Those at the desk want to buy tickets write down your names.

　　14. That was the reason because she looked old.

　　15. Taiwan, that we know, belongs to China.

　　16. The third place which we are going to visit is Hangzhou.

　　17. Which is known to all, many satellite are going around in the sky.

　　18. The students and things which you spoke of are known to us.

　　19. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house of which roof is under repair.

　　二．用恰當的關系代詞或關系副詞填空

　　1. I will always remember the hours _____________ we lived together.

　　I will always remember the hours ____________ we spent together

　　2. Can you still think of the village ______________he once worked?

　　Can you still think of the village ______________ he once visited?

　　3.____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth.

　　_____ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth.

　　4. I have borrowed many books, many of _______ are about music.

　　I have borrowed many books, and many of _____ are about music

　　5. There are 50 students in their class, most of ________ are from Tonglu.

　　There are 50 students in their class, and most of _______ are from Tonglu

　　三．用適當的介詞填空

　　The sun gives us heat and light, ________ which we can’t live.

　　2. The student ________ whom we were talking just now is the best student in our class.

　　3. I’ll never forget the day _____ which she said good-bye to me.

　　4. Who can give me the reason ______ which he hasn’t turned up yet?

　　5. Mandela was the black lawyer______ whom I went for advice.

　　6. He was generous with his time, _______ which I was grateful.

　　7. The parts of town ________ which they had to live were decided by white people.

　　8. It was a prison ________which no one escaped.

　　9. He is a man of great experience, _________ whom much can be learned.

　　10. Chapin, _______whom money was now no problem, start a new film company with his friends.

　　四．單選擇

　　1. The pretty lady _________you told me the other day turned out to be a thief.

　　A. who

　　B. whom

　　C. about whom

　　D. with whom

　　2. Is this the factory ______your father used to work many years ago?

　　A. the place

　　B. which

　　C. in which

　　D. the one in which

　　3. Do you know who lives in the building ______ there is a big apple tree？

　　A. in front of it

　　B. in front of whose

　　C. in front of where

　　D. in front of which

　　4. The person ____my father spoke just now is my English teacher.

　　A. who

　　B. to whom

　　C. to who

　　D. whom

　　5. The reason ______she didn’t come to Tom’s birthday is that her mother won’t let her.

　　A .that

　　B. which

　　C. for which

　　D. for what

　　6. China is a beautiful country, _____we are greatly proud.

　　A. which

　　B. in which

　　C. of which

　　D. where

　　7. I will never forget the day _____I join the army.

　　A. on which

　　B in which

　　C. which