2024高考英語一輪語法對點講練:4 情態動詞和虛擬語氣
語法對點講練四 情態動詞和虛擬語氣
一、情態動詞
知識點講解
情態動詞本身有一定的詞義,但需和其他動詞一起構成謂語。除have to, be able to外,情態動詞無人稱和數的變化。除have to, be able to外,情態動詞只有現在時和過去時兩種基本形式。除ought, used外,情態動詞后面接不帶to的不定式。情態動詞中have to可以用have got to代替;need, dare也可用作實義動詞;used to有兩種否定形式:used not to和did not use to。
1.can, could
①表示具有某種能力,指有能力做某事。could表示過去的能力。
②表示請求和允許,和may相近;口語中可用could表示委婉語氣,但回答時仍用can。
③表示可能性,常用于否定句和疑問句中。
④表示驚異、懷疑、不相信的態度。
特別提示
⑤“can not/never ... too/enough”表示“無論怎么……也不過分;越……越好”。
You can't be too careful when travelling alone.
⑥cannot but do sth.表示“只好;不得不”。
Father cannot but agree with his daughter's opinion.
⑦can't help doing sth.表示“禁不住做某事”。
2.be able to
⑧be able to可以有多種時態,如:將來時(will be able to),完成時(have/has/had been able to)。
⑨be able to側重通過努力成功做成某事的能力。
He said he could swim across the river.(指本身具有這種能力)
At last he was able to swim across the river.(指通過努力做到了)
3.may, might
⑩表示允許、許可或征求允許,否定回答時要用mustn't。might比may語氣委婉。
表示可能性,might比may可能性更小。
may表示祝愿、愿望,常用于感嘆句。
特別提示
may/might as well do sth.“不妨;還是……為好”。
Everything is ready. We might as well start now.
4.will, would
表示意志、決心或愿望。
用于第二人稱,表示請求、建議等。
will表示“總是;慣于”。would表示過去的習慣,意為“過去常常”。
表示推測或猜想。
用于否定句,表示“不肯;不樂意”。
特別提示
表示功能、特性,意為“能;行”,多用于否定句。
The door won't open.
would表示提出想法,通常與like, love, hate, be glad, prefer, be happy等連用。
5.shall
用于第一、三人稱的疑問句中,表示征求對方的意見或請示。
用于第二、三人稱的陳述句,表示說話者的命令、警告、許諾等語氣。
用于第三人稱,在條約、規定、法令等文件中表示義務或規定,意為“應;必須”。
6.should, ought to
表示應該,常用于表示現在或將來的責任或義務;還可表示推測,指有一定依據的推測。
should還可表示驚訝,意為“竟會;居然”。
It's strange that he should be absent.
7.must, have to
must強調主觀看法,表示必須,have to強調客觀需要,意為“不得不”。
We must finish this work now.
We will have to reconsider this plan.
must表示“偏要;非得”等含義。這種用法常用于疑問句、條件句中。
Must you waste so much time?
must的否定形式mustn't意為“不許;禁止”;若表示“沒有必要;不必”時,用needn't或don't have to。
must表示推測時,僅用于肯定句,但在反意疑問句中,其后面反問部分取決于must后面的動詞形式。
You must be a newcomer, aren't you?
8.need
表示“需要;必須”,常用于疑問句和否定句中。肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn't。
9.dare
主要用于否定句、疑問句以及條件句中,有過去式形式dared。
10.used to
“過去常常”,含有今昔對比的意味,表示過去習慣的動作或狀態現在已結束。而would表示過去反復發生的動作,但不含對比意味。
11.had better, would better
had better表示“最好……”; would better表示“寧愿;寧可”。
12.情態動詞+have done
must have done用在肯定句中,表示對過去情況的肯定推測,語氣堅定。
can't have done表示對過去情況表示否定的推測,是must have done的否定形式。
could have done用于肯定句,表示過去本能完成但事實上并沒有完成,意為“本來能夠”。
may/might have done表示過去“可能發生”某事,意為“可能……;或許……”。
should have done表示“過去本應該做某事而沒有做”。
shouldn't have done sth.表示“過去本不該做某事而做了”。
needn't have done表示“過去本沒有必要做某事而做了”。
對點訓練
完成下列小題,并指出考查上述哪個知識點(①~)
第一組 單項填空
1.(2024·新課標卷Ⅰ)The door ________ open, no matter how hard she pushed.
A. shouldn't
B. couldn't
C. wouldn't
D. mightn't
答案 __C__ 知識點 ____
解析 句意:不管她怎么用力推門,都無法打開這扇門。shouldn't“不應該”; couldn't“主觀的不能”; wouldn't“不會;不能(客觀)”; mightn't“可能不”。
2.(2024·新課標卷Ⅱ)Since nobody gave him any help, he ________ have done the research on his own.
A. can B. must
C. would
D. need
答案 __B__ 知識點 ____
解析 句意:由于沒人給予他任何幫助,他一定是獨立做的研究。must have done對過去的肯定推測。
3.(2024·北京卷)— You needn't take an umbrella. It isn't going to rain.
— Well, I don't know. It ________ do.
A. might
B. need
C. would
D. should
答案 __A__ 知識點 ____
解析 句意:——你不必帶傘,天不會下雨。——哦,我不知道。天也許會下雨。might“也許”,表推測,符合句意。
4.(2024·安徽卷)It ________ be the vocabulary that caused you the problem in the exercise because you know a lot of words.
A. may
B. couldn't
C. should
D. needn't
答案 __B__ 知識點 __③__
解析 由you know a lot of words可知不可能是詞匯導致的問題。couldn't“不可能”。
5.(2024·湖南卷)He ________ sleep, although he tried to, when he got on such a hunt for an idea until he had caught it.
A. wouldn't
B. shouldn't
C. couldn't
D. mustn't
答案 __C__ 知識點 __①__
解析 根據“盡管他努力了,但是他不能入睡……”,故用couldn't。
第二組 語法填空
6.Jack, it's too hot here. ________ I open the window?
答案 Shall 知識點 ____
解析 shall用于第一、三人稱疑問句時,用于征求對方的意見。
7.If the wound ________ become infected, do not hesitate to call me.
答案 should 知識點 ____
解析 should可以用于條件狀語從句中表示事件發生的可能性,意為“假定要;將要”。
8.According to his will, his money ________ be used to build a school instead of a market.
答案 shall 知識點 ____
解析 shall用于第三人稱,表示依照遺囑、規章、法律等“必須;應該”怎么樣。
9.It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you didn't ________ do it.
答案 have_to 知識點 ____
解析 句意:你真是太好了,把這些東西洗了,但是你沒有必要洗的。didn't have to do表示“本沒必要做”,客觀上的“不必要”,動作已經發生了。
10.— Alice looks sad. Did you tell her about her brother's accident?
— Sorry, I ________ (not, tell) her just before her final exams.
答案 shouldn't_have_told 知識點 ____
解析 shouldn't have done sth.表示“本不該做某事,但是已經做了”,含有責備的意味。正確答案是D項。
第三組 單項填空
11.— How can I achieve my goal?
— You ________ work hard and stick to it.
A. can
B. may
C. must
D. would
答案 __C__ 知識點 ____
解析 must“必須;應該”,表示強烈的勸告。
12.(2024·漳州七校5月聯考)When we worked in the same office, we ________ have coffee together.
A. might
B. should
C. could
D. would
答案 __D__ 知識點 ____
解析 would表示過去習慣性的動作,強調過去動作的經常性。
13.(2024·甘肅三模)You were stupid to try climbing up there. You ________ yourself.
A. can kill
B. might have killed
C. might kill
D. must have killed
答案 __B__ 知識點 ____
解析 might have done sth.表示“過去有可能發生某事”,符合句意。must have done sth.表示對過去情況的肯定推測,意為“一定是;準是”。
14.(2024·石家莊二模)He ________ it on schedule, but somehow he fell behind.
A. must have done
B. might finish
C. could have finished
D. could finish
答案 __C__ 知識點 ____
解析 由句意可知,他沒有能夠完成。could have done sth.表示“本來能夠做某事,而沒做成”,有責備的含義,符合句意。
15.(2024·煙臺5月練習三)The weather turned out fine; I ________ have taken the raincoat with me.
A. wouldn't
B. couldn't
C. mustn't
D. needn't
答案 __D__ 知識點 ____
解析 天氣很好,所以本沒有必要帶雨衣。needn't have done sth.表示“沒有必要做某事卻做了”,符合句意。
第四組 語法填空
16.________ we go to the McDonald's? I am sick of the food there!
答案 Must 知識點 ____
解析 must可以用來表示說話人不耐煩,意為“非要;偏偏”,往往暗示令人不愉快的事將要發生。
17.You ________ (not) trust an online shop just because it has a beautifully-designed website.
答案 shouldn't 知識點 ____
解析 句意:你不應該只是因為一個網店設計漂亮就輕易相信它。must有些絕對。
18.The bike under the tree ________ belong to Peter. Look! His bag is on it.
答案 must 知識點 ____
解析 根據“Look! His bag is on it.”可知樹下那輛自行車一定是彼得的。must用于對現在情況的肯定推測。
19.Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but ________ (not) say where he was.
答案 wouldn't 知識點 ____
解析 句意:幾天之后,我哥哥打電話報了平安,但不愿說他在什么地方。wouldn't“不愿意;堅決不”,符合句意。
20.I ________ (not) thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
答案 can't 知識點 __⑤__
解析 句意:我們不在家時,你對我兒子的幫助,我怎么感謝你都不過分。can't/couldn't ... too ...意思是“再……都不為過”。
21.— Did you punish him for losing your digital camera?
— Yes, but I don't think I ________ (do) that.
答案 should_have_done 知識點 ____
解析 句意:——他丟了你的數碼相機,你懲罰他了嗎?——是的,但是我現在認為本不該這樣做。答語是一個否定前移的句式, shouldn't have done表示做了不該做的事。
22.— The work will take me another week. I'm really tired.
— I think you ________ as well consult an experienced worker.
答案 may/might 知識點 ____
解析 句意:——這項工作還得用一周才能完成,我真的太累了。——我覺得你倒不如找一個有經驗的工人商量一下。may/might as well表示“還是……的好;倒不如”,相當于had better。
二、虛擬語氣用于從句
知識點講解
1.虛擬語氣用于if條件從句
①表示與現在事實相反的假設,從句謂語動詞用一般過去時(be動詞一律用were)。主句謂語動詞用should/would/could/might+動詞原形。
②表示與過去事實相反的假設,從句謂語動詞用過去完成時,主句謂語動詞用should/would/could/might+have done。
③表示與將來事實相反的假設,從句謂語動詞用過去時,或were to+動詞原形,或should+動詞原形,主句謂語動詞用would/could/should/might+動詞原形。
特別提示
④錯綜時間條件句:條件從句與主句謂語動詞不是同時發生。謂語動詞要根據各自的時間來確定。
If I
at school, I , too.
If it
much, the crops would .
If
today, we
to Beijing.
⑤含蓄條件句:由介詞with, without, but for, in that position等,或由連詞or, otherwise, and, but, but that等代替if條件句。
I couldn't have finished the work on time without your help.
But for your timely warning, we would have got into great trouble.
⑥省略if的虛擬條件句:當虛擬條件句的謂語動詞含有were, should, had時,if可省略,而將were, should, had等詞置于句首,形成倒裝。
Were he here, everything would be alright.
Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off the trip.
2.虛擬語氣用于其他狀語從句
⑦as if/though引導方式狀語從句時,表示現在或將來的虛擬時,從句謂語動詞用過去時(be動詞一律用were);表示過去的虛擬時,從句謂語動詞用“had+done”。
⑧even if/though引導讓步狀語從句時,主句和從句都用虛擬語氣,動詞形式與if引導的非真實條件句的虛擬語氣相同。