高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義2
高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義2
二:虛擬語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別
最近幾年高考試題中常常借助語(yǔ)境來(lái)考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別,因此在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)確理解和掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法十分重要。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法復(fù)雜多變,在高考試題中,命題者常常利用語(yǔ)境和句子之間意義上的細(xì)微差別來(lái)考查學(xué)生對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的理解和掌握。對(duì)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,除了要求考生能夠準(zhǔn)確掌握它們的基本用法外,還要充分利用高考試題所設(shè)置的語(yǔ)境來(lái)分析句子之間所體現(xiàn)的特殊關(guān)系。下面就近幾年來(lái)高考試題中出現(xiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納分析,以便同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)掌握。
一、用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have +done結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的推測(cè),高考試題中常用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)或過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)給以暗示。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的這一用法可以用 對(duì)立統(tǒng)一來(lái)概括。
1.當(dāng)試題的前句和后句在動(dòng)作和意義上相互補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,且整個(gè)句意在動(dòng)作和時(shí)間上是一個(gè)整體時(shí),我們可用統(tǒng)一關(guān)系來(lái)解決這樣的試題。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有:
must have done:
表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的肯定推測(cè),常譯作一定做了,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為can't/couldn't have done?
疑問(wèn)式為Can/Could...have done﹖。
could /might have done:表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的可能性推測(cè),常譯作可能做了。如:
1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he
_____ your lecture. ?(上海 2000)
A. couldn't have attended
B. needn't have attended
C. mustn't have attended
D. shouldn't have attended
本題選A。
2) Jack ____ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me. (上海'97)
A. mustn't have arrived
B. shouldn't have arrived
C. can't have arrived
D. need not have arrived (C)
2.當(dāng)試題的前后句在動(dòng)作和意義上構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí),常借助but, however, instead等詞來(lái)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作與客觀事實(shí)不符,這時(shí)我們就可以用對(duì)立關(guān)系來(lái)解決這樣的試題。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)的有:
should have done / ought to have done:表示過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做。
should not have done / ought not to have done:表示過(guò)去本不應(yīng)該做某事但事實(shí)上卻做了。
need have done:表示過(guò)去本來(lái)有必要去做某事,但事實(shí)上沒(méi)有做。
need not have done:表示過(guò)去本來(lái)沒(méi)有必要做某事,但事實(shí)上卻做了。如:
3) I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word.
(NMET2001)
A. mustn't leave B. shouldn't have left
C. couldn't have left D. needn't leave
本不應(yīng)該離家出走卻走了,故本題選B。
4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _____ for her.
(NMET'94)
A. had to write it out
B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out
D. ought to write it out
由句中的連詞but可知前后句之間是對(duì)立關(guān)系,分析題意可知本題應(yīng)選C。
二、考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法之間的比較和辨析。最近幾年高考試題中常借助具體的語(yǔ)境來(lái)考查考生對(duì)那些最常見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法的理解和掌握,因此在做這樣的試題時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)真分析語(yǔ)境中所含的實(shí)際意義,并結(jié)合情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本含義和用法做出正確的選擇。
5) -Is John coming by train﹖
-He should, but he ______ not. He likes driving his car. (NMET2002)
A. must B. can C. need D. may
mustn't 表示禁止、不準(zhǔn)cannot 表示不可能need not 表示不必要may not
表示可能不。分析語(yǔ)境可知本題應(yīng)選D。
6) -I hear you've got a set of valuable Australian coins. ______ I have a look﹖
-Yes, certainly. (北京2002春)
A. Do B. May C. Shall D. Should
分析語(yǔ)境可知這是在征求對(duì)方的許可,may表示允許、可以,語(yǔ)氣比較委婉? shall常用于第一、三人稱作主語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)句中,表示征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)和指示,如果此空用shall,則意為要(我)看一下嗎?,不符合上下文意思。故本題選B。
7) Mr Bush is on time for everything. How ____ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony﹖ (上海2001春)
A. can B. should C. may D. must
must be 表示肯定的猜測(cè),只能用于肯定句中,由題意可知本題應(yīng)選A。
8) -Are you coming to Jeff's party﹖
-I'm not sure. I ____ go to the concert instead. (NMET2000)
A. must B. would C. should D. might
由題意和下句中的 I'm not sure
可知這段對(duì)話中存在一種可能性推測(cè),might可以用來(lái)表示一種比較委婉的可能性判斷,故本題選D。又如: I should have been there, but I _____ not find the time. (上海2000春) A. would B. could C. might D. should
分析題意可知第二個(gè)分句表示過(guò)去的某種能力;C 項(xiàng)只表示語(yǔ)氣上的可能性,與題意不符。故本題選B。
9) Johnny, you ____ play with the knife, you ____ hurt yourself.
(NMET'96)
A. won't; can't B. mustn't; may
C. shouldn't; must D. can't; shouldn't
mustn't 表示不可以;禁止,分析題意可知第二個(gè)空表示某種可能性,故本題選B。
10) -Will you stay for lunch﹖
-Sorry, ______. My brother is coming to see me. (NMET'99)
A. I mustn't B. I can't
C. I needn't D. I won't
分析題意可知因?yàn)槲业艿芤獊?lái)看我,所以不能留下,因此對(duì)別人的邀請(qǐng)或要求應(yīng)給予禮貌的拒絕。A 項(xiàng)表示禁止C項(xiàng)表示不必要而D項(xiàng)表示不會(huì),均不符合題意。故本題選B。又如:
-Could I borrow your dictionary﹖
-Yes, of course you _____.(MET'92)
A. might B. will C. can D. should (C)
11)-When can I come for the photos﹖ I need them tomorrow afternoon.
-They _____ be ready by 12?00. (NMET'98)
A. can B. should C. might D. need
該題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should的基本含義,分析句意可知本題應(yīng)選B。又如:
12) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ____ get out.(NMET'97)
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
該題考查了could和be able to的區(qū)別,二者都可表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的能力,但如果表示過(guò)去成功地做了某事只能使用was / were able to do,故本題選D。
13) -Shall I tell John about it ﹖
-No, you _____. I've told him already. (NMET'94)
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall在試題中表示征詢對(duì)方意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求指示。答句暗示 沒(méi)有必要了,故本題選A
虛擬語(yǔ)氣
最自然的虛擬狀態(tài):由should/would+原型時(shí)態(tài)(不含時(shí)間只含狀態(tài))
本質(zhì)上是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí):即,時(shí)間固定在過(guò)去將來(lái),狀態(tài)不同:一般、進(jìn)行、完成、完成進(jìn)行。
這時(shí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的產(chǎn)生往往是因?yàn)槲覀円磉_(dá)本來(lái)應(yīng)該(而現(xiàn)在卻還沒(méi)有)
(本來(lái)可以,本來(lái)能)
I should go! ( but I'm still here!) (一般)
I should be working now! (進(jìn)行)
I should have practiced more (than I did)! (完成)
我應(yīng)該多多練習(xí)!(言下之意,現(xiàn)在我練習(xí)得不多。)
I shouldn't dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)
(actually I did dream away my time too much!)
It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time! (完成進(jìn)行)
I may/might/could have finished! (完成)
一些常見(jiàn)的句型中,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣,而處于從句之中,should 常常被省略掉
o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;
o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;
o require, request;
o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.
由于他們的含義中包含建議,假設(shè),應(yīng)該這類的含義,所以,由他們引起的從句中,就會(huì)包含有should+原型時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
這些動(dòng)詞(以及他們的名次形式,分詞形式)引起的從句還有其他的變形:
主語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句,同位語(yǔ)從句
It's suggested that
My suggestion is that
The only suggestion that...
The only suggestion I can give you now is that
一些形容詞引起的表語(yǔ)從句中,也會(huì)有同樣的情況
important; necessary; essential
It's natural ; strange; incredible that
a pity; a shame; no wonder
? 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的從句中多使用should
表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反
1. 與現(xiàn)在相反:使用[過(guò)去時(shí)]:
I wish I were not here! (一般現(xiàn)在'一般過(guò)去)
Suppose we were not here.
He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般現(xiàn)在'一般過(guò)去)
Hope I weren't always losing things! (現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行'過(guò)去進(jìn)行)
If only/If I hadn't been there! (現(xiàn)在完成'過(guò)去完成)
What if I hadn't been waiting right here! (現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行'過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行)
常考句型:It's (high) time (that) would rather (that)
這兩個(gè)從句,只能表達(dá)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的看法,所以,從句中只有一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
2. 與過(guò)去相反:過(guò)去完成時(shí);
How nice it is if I had past the test!
How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!
3. 與將來(lái)相反?將來(lái)的事情沒(méi)有發(fā)生,所以只能推測(cè)且實(shí)現(xiàn)可能很小
I wish he could not smoke any more.
不過(guò),由于可以用be to表示將來(lái);所以,虛擬語(yǔ)氣中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)were to;也是CET-4的常考語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。
虛擬條件句
o if 部分,做一個(gè)與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)(所以只有一般過(guò)去和過(guò)去完成);
o 主句部分,這是表示基于這個(gè)假設(shè)的推測(cè),一般使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would,少數(shù)情況下使用could/might/should。
o 注意:兩個(gè)部分之間,是有邏輯關(guān)系,而在兩部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)上,沒(méi)有必然的聯(lián)系。
注意,虛擬條件句中的if可以省略,造成were/had提前,產(chǎn)生倒裝。
隱含的非真實(shí)條件 :由特殊的詞給出條件: with, without, in , but for, otherwise, or
How could I be happy without you? In his shoes, I would kill myself.
But for the storm, we would have arrived.
高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法講義2
二:虛擬語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別
最近幾年高考試題中常常借助語(yǔ)境來(lái)考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別,因此在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)確理解和掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法十分重要。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法復(fù)雜多變,在高考試題中,命題者常常利用語(yǔ)境和句子之間意義上的細(xì)微差別來(lái)考查學(xué)生對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的理解和掌握。對(duì)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,除了要求考生能夠準(zhǔn)確掌握它們的基本用法外,還要充分利用高考試題所設(shè)置的語(yǔ)境來(lái)分析句子之間所體現(xiàn)的特殊關(guān)系。下面就近幾年來(lái)高考試題中出現(xiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納分析,以便同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)掌握。
一、用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have +done結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的推測(cè),高考試題中常用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)或過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)給以暗示。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的這一用法可以用 對(duì)立統(tǒng)一來(lái)概括。
1.當(dāng)試題的前句和后句在動(dòng)作和意義上相互補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,且整個(gè)句意在動(dòng)作和時(shí)間上是一個(gè)整體時(shí),我們可用統(tǒng)一關(guān)系來(lái)解決這樣的試題。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有:
must have done:
表示對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作的肯定推測(cè),常譯作一定做了,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為can't/couldn't have done?
疑問(wèn)式為Can/Could...have done﹖。
could /might have done:表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的可能性推測(cè),常譯作可能做了。如:
1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he
_____ your lecture. ?(上海 2000)
A. couldn't have attended
B. needn't have attended
C. mustn't have attended
D. shouldn't have attended
本題選A。
2) Jack ____ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me. (上海'97)
A. mustn't have arrived
B. shouldn't have arrived
C. can't have arrived
D. need not have arrived (C)
2.當(dāng)試題的前后句在動(dòng)作和意義上構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí),常借助but, however, instead等詞來(lái)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作與客觀事實(shí)不符,這時(shí)我們就可以用對(duì)立關(guān)系來(lái)解決這樣的試題。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)的有:
should have done / ought to have done:表示過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做。
should not have done / ought not to have done:表示過(guò)去本不應(yīng)該做某事但事實(shí)上卻做了。
need have done:表示過(guò)去本來(lái)有必要去做某事,但事實(shí)上沒(méi)有做。
need not have done:表示過(guò)去本來(lái)沒(méi)有必要做某事,但事實(shí)上卻做了。如:
3) I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word.
(NMET2001)
A. mustn't leave B. shouldn't have left
C. couldn't have left D. needn't leave
本不應(yīng)該離家出走卻走了,故本題選B。
4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _____ for her.
(NMET'94)
A. had to write it out
B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out
D. ought to write it out
由句中的連詞but可知前后句之間是對(duì)立關(guān)系,分析題意可知本題應(yīng)選C。
二、考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法之間的比較和辨析。最近幾年高考試題中常借助具體的語(yǔ)境來(lái)考查考生對(duì)那些最常見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法的理解和掌握,因此在做這樣的試題時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)真分析語(yǔ)境中所含的實(shí)際意義,并結(jié)合情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本含義和用法做出正確的選擇。
5) -Is John coming by train﹖
-He should, but he ______ not. He likes driving his car. (NMET2002)
A. must B. can C. need D. may
mustn't 表示禁止、不準(zhǔn)cannot 表示不可能need not 表示不必要may not
表示可能不。分析語(yǔ)境可知本題應(yīng)選D。
6) -I hear you've got a set of valuable Australian coins. ______ I have a look﹖
-Yes, certainly. (北京2002春)
A. Do B. May C. Shall D. Should
分析語(yǔ)境可知這是在征求對(duì)方的許可,may表示允許、可以,語(yǔ)氣比較委婉? shall常用于第一、三人稱作主語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)句中,表示征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)和指示,如果此空用shall,則意為要(我)看一下嗎?,不符合上下文意思。故本題選B。
7) Mr Bush is on time for everything. How ____ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony﹖ (上海2001春)
A. can B. should C. may D. must
must be 表示肯定的猜測(cè),只能用于肯定句中,由題意可知本題應(yīng)選A。
8) -Are you coming to Jeff's party﹖
-I'm not sure. I ____ go to the concert instead. (NMET2000)
A. must B. would C. should D. might
由題意和下句中的 I'm not sure
可知這段對(duì)話中存在一種可能性推測(cè),might可以用來(lái)表示一種比較委婉的可能性判斷,故本題選D。又如: I should have been there, but I _____ not find the time. (上海2000春) A. would B. could C. might D. should
分析題意可知第二個(gè)分句表示過(guò)去的某種能力;C 項(xiàng)只表示語(yǔ)氣上的可能性,與題意不符。故本題選B。
9) Johnny, you ____ play with the knife, you ____ hurt yourself.
(NMET'96)
A. won't; can't B. mustn't; may
C. shouldn't; must D. can't; shouldn't
mustn't 表示不可以;禁止,分析題意可知第二個(gè)空表示某種可能性,故本題選B。
10) -Will you stay for lunch﹖
-Sorry, ______. My brother is coming to see me. (NMET'99)
A. I mustn't B. I can't
C. I needn't D. I won't
分析題意可知因?yàn)槲业艿芤獊?lái)看我,所以不能留下,因此對(duì)別人的邀請(qǐng)或要求應(yīng)給予禮貌的拒絕。A 項(xiàng)表示禁止C項(xiàng)表示不必要而D項(xiàng)表示不會(huì),均不符合題意。故本題選B。又如:
-Could I borrow your dictionary﹖
-Yes, of course you _____.(MET'92)
A. might B. will C. can D. should (C)
11)-When can I come for the photos﹖ I need them tomorrow afternoon.
-They _____ be ready by 12?00. (NMET'98)
A. can B. should C. might D. need
該題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should的基本含義,分析句意可知本題應(yīng)選B。又如:
12) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ____ get out.(NMET'97)
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
該題考查了could和be able to的區(qū)別,二者都可表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的能力,但如果表示過(guò)去成功地做了某事只能使用was / were able to do,故本題選D。
13) -Shall I tell John about it ﹖
-No, you _____. I've told him already. (NMET'94)
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall在試題中表示征詢對(duì)方意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求指示。答句暗示 沒(méi)有必要了,故本題選A
虛擬語(yǔ)氣
最自然的虛擬狀態(tài):由should/would+原型時(shí)態(tài)(不含時(shí)間只含狀態(tài))
本質(zhì)上是過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí):即,時(shí)間固定在過(guò)去將來(lái),狀態(tài)不同:一般、進(jìn)行、完成、完成進(jìn)行。
這時(shí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的產(chǎn)生往往是因?yàn)槲覀円磉_(dá)本來(lái)應(yīng)該(而現(xiàn)在卻還沒(méi)有)
(本來(lái)可以,本來(lái)能)
I should go! ( but I'm still here!) (一般)
I should be working now! (進(jìn)行)
I should have practiced more (than I did)! (完成)
我應(yīng)該多多練習(xí)!(言下之意,現(xiàn)在我練習(xí)得不多。)
I shouldn't dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)
(actually I did dream away my time too much!)
It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time! (完成進(jìn)行)
I may/might/could have finished! (完成)
一些常見(jiàn)的句型中,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣,而處于從句之中,should 常常被省略掉
o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;
o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;
o require, request;
o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.
由于他們的含義中包含建議,假設(shè),應(yīng)該這類的含義,所以,由他們引起的從句中,就會(huì)包含有should+原型時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
這些動(dòng)詞(以及他們的名次形式,分詞形式)引起的從句還有其他的變形:
主語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句,同位語(yǔ)從句
It's suggested that
My suggestion is that
The only suggestion that...
The only suggestion I can give you now is that
一些形容詞引起的表語(yǔ)從句中,也會(huì)有同樣的情況
important; necessary; essential
It's natural ; strange; incredible that
a pity; a shame; no wonder
? 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的從句中多使用should
表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反
1. 與現(xiàn)在相反:使用[過(guò)去時(shí)]:
I wish I were not here! (一般現(xiàn)在'一般過(guò)去)
Suppose we were not here.
He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般現(xiàn)在'一般過(guò)去)
Hope I weren't always losing things! (現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行'過(guò)去進(jìn)行)
If only/If I hadn't been there! (現(xiàn)在完成'過(guò)去完成)
What if I hadn't been waiting right here! (現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行'過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行)
常考句型:It's (high) time (that) would rather (that)
這兩個(gè)從句,只能表達(dá)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的看法,所以,從句中只有一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
2. 與過(guò)去相反:過(guò)去完成時(shí);
How nice it is if I had past the test!
How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!
3. 與將來(lái)相反?將來(lái)的事情沒(méi)有發(fā)生,所以只能推測(cè)且實(shí)現(xiàn)可能很小
I wish he could not smoke any more.
不過(guò),由于可以用be to表示將來(lái);所以,虛擬語(yǔ)氣中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)were to;也是CET-4的常考語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。
虛擬條件句
o if 部分,做一個(gè)與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)(所以只有一般過(guò)去和過(guò)去完成);
o 主句部分,這是表示基于這個(gè)假設(shè)的推測(cè),一般使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would,少數(shù)情況下使用could/might/should。
o 注意:兩個(gè)部分之間,是有邏輯關(guān)系,而在兩部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)上,沒(méi)有必然的聯(lián)系。
注意,虛擬條件句中的if可以省略,造成were/had提前,產(chǎn)生倒裝。
隱含的非真實(shí)條件 :由特殊的詞給出條件: with, without, in , but for, otherwise, or
How could I be happy without you? In his shoes, I would kill myself.
But for the storm, we would have arrived.
